<div><p><strong>Understanding how to read the resulting data of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) helps turn raw detector output into confident decisions about purity, identity, and assay results. When you know how to read HPLC peaks and baselines, you can quickly spot problems, verify method performance, and support regulatory‑ready reports.</strong></p></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>What is an HPLC Chromatogram?</strong></h3></div></div></div></div><div><p>An HPLC chromatogram is a plot of detector signal versus time that shows how each compound in your sample moves through the column and reaches the detector. Every peak corresponds to a different component, with the position on the time axis giving its retention time and the peak size relating to concentration.</p><p>In routine work, you read retention time to confirm identity and rely on peak area or height for concentration, so learning how to read an HPLC chromatogram is essential for everyday assay workflows.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Why Is It Important to Read HPLC Chromatograms Correctly?</strong></h3><p>Reading HPLC results correctly matters because retention time and peak response are key parameters for separating, identifying, and quantifying compounds in complex mixtures. Misreading the baseline or peak shape can distort area integration, which affects assay accuracy and impurity quantitation.</p><p>Good <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/hplc-knowledge-center/what-are-chromatograms"><strong>chromatogram</strong></a> interpretation also helps you detect method drift early, keep system suitability within limits, and avoid costly repeat injections or failed batches.</p></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Key Components of an HPLC Chromatogram</strong></h3></div></div></div></div><div><p>Before you interpret a run, you must recognize the fundamental parts of a chromatogram. Each visual element gives you specific data about the separation and the analytes present in your sample.</p><h4><strong>Baseline</strong></h4><p>The baseline is the detector signal when no analyte peak is eluting, and a stable, flat baseline makes integration and quantification reliable. More detailed descriptions of baseline noise and drift are covered in the troubleshooting section below. In a nutshell, it is enough to note that any instability can affect how confidently you integrate and compare peaks.</p><h4><strong>Peaks</strong></h4><p>Peaks represent eluting analytes and appear as Gaussian‑like shapes rising above the baseline. Symmetric peaks with clear separation are easier to integrate and give more reliable responses for quantitative work.</p><h4><strong>Retention Time</strong></h4><p>Retention time, <i>t</i><sub>R</sub>, is the time from injection until the apex of a peak, reflecting how long an analyte spends in the column compared with the mobile phase. The solvent front or void peak corresponds to the dead time, <i>t</i><sub>0</sub>, which is the passage of unretained material through the system.</p><h4><strong>Peak Area and Height</strong></h4><p>Peak area is generally more reliable than peak height for quantitative analysis, because it better reflects the total amount of analyte passing the detector. In validated methods, you relate peak area or, in some cases, peak height to concentration through calibration curves and internal standards.</p><h4><strong>Resolution</strong></h4><p>Resolution describes how well two peaks are separated and depends on efficiency, selectivity, and retention. Adequate resolution means peaks do not overlap significantly, which improves identification confidence and quantification for closely eluting impurities.</p><h4><strong>Dead Time (t₀)/Void Time</strong></h4><p>Dead time, <i>t</i><sub>0</sub>, or hold‑up time, <i>t</i><sub>M</sub> (or void time), is the time taken by unretained species or the mobile phase front to pass through the column and reach the detector. You use <i>t</i><sub>0</sub> as the reference for calculating capacity factor and for assessing how strongly analytes interact with the stationary phase.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Step‑by‑Step Guide to Reading an HPLC Chromatogram</strong></h3></div></div></div></div><div><p>Interpreting your data requires a systematic approach to guarantee you capture all critical details. Follow this sequential process to evaluate your chromatographic results confidently and accurately.</p><h4><strong>Identify the Baseline Stability</strong></h4><p>Start by checking if the baseline is flat or if you see random noise and slow drift across the run. Significant drift or high noise suggests issues with temperature control, solvent quality, or detector stability, which must be addressed before trusting quantitation.</p><h4><strong>Locate and Count Peaks</strong></h4><p>Next, scan the chromatogram to locate all distinct peaks above the baseline and note their relative sizes. Counting peaks versus expectations from standards or sample composition helps you detect co‑elution, extra peaks, or missing analytes.</p><h4><strong>Determine Retention Time</strong></h4><p>Measure retention time, <i>t</i><sub>R</sub>, for each peak and record these values alongside known standards or system-suitability data. Consistent <i>t</i><sub>R</sub> values within defined windows support correct identification, while larger shifts can indicate changes in temperature, mobile phase composition, or flow rate.</p><h4><strong>Calculate Capacity Factor (k') Using t<sub>M</sub> and t<sub>R</sub></strong></h4><p>Capacity factor, <i>K'</i> (or retention factor), describes how much longer an analyte is retained compared with unretained material and is calculated from the chromatogram. Using the dead time, <i>t</i><sub>M</sub>, (void peak) and analyte retention time, <i>t</i><sub>R</sub>, you apply<strong> </strong><i><strong>k</strong></i><strong> = (</strong><i><strong>t</strong></i><strong><sub>R</sub> – </strong><i><strong>t</strong></i><strong><sub>M</sub>)/</strong><i><strong>t</strong></i><strong><sub>M</sub></strong> to assess whether the analyte is sufficiently retained under the chosen conditions.</p><p>Knowing how to analyze HPLC results with capacity factor helps you judge if peaks elute too close to <i>t</i><sub>0</sub>, or spend an appropriate time interacting with the column, which guides method refinement.</p><h4><strong>Analyze Peak Area for Quantification (H3)</strong></h4><p>For quantification, integrate each peak to obtain the area and compare it with calibration standards or internal standards to calculate concentration. Reliable peak area measurements depend on good baseline definition and stable detector response, so always verify baseline quality before finalizing your measurements.</p><h4><strong>Evaluate Peak Shape and Resolution</strong></h4><p>Assess whether peaks are symmetric or show tailing, fronting, or broadening, and examine spacing between adjacent peaks for resolution. Changes in peak shape across the chromatogram can reveal extra‑column effects, packed bed issues, or interaction with active sites on the stationary phase.</p><p>If you see persistent problems, review your <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/lcms/products?category=48&amp;manufacturerItems=50"><strong><u>HPLC column</u></strong></a> choice, sample preparation, and gradient or isocratic settings to refine separation.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Common Problems in HPLC Chromatograms and How to Identify Them</strong></h3><p>Even well-developed methods can degrade over time and produce visual cues that signal system or chemistry faults. Recognizing these characteristic peak and baseline distortions is your first step in troubleshooting.</p><h4><strong>Peak Tailing</strong></h4><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/hplc-knowledge-center/how-to-reduce-peak-tailing-in-hplc"><strong><u>Peak tailing</u></strong></a> appears when the right side of a peak stretches out into a long tail instead of dropping back to the baseline symmetrically. On the chromatogram, the trailing edge slopes slowly and the peak looks skewed to the left, which makes integration boundaries less obvious and can hint at dispersion or secondary interactions. You can reduce tailing by minimizing extra‑column volume and checking column packing and active sites.</p><h4><strong>Peak Fronting</strong></h4><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/hplc-knowledge-center/peak-fronting"><strong><u>Peak fronting</u></strong></a> shows a steep leading edge and a compressed front portion of the peak, so the apex seems pulled forward relative to the rest of the peak profile. Visually, the peak looks like it is leaning in the direction of flow and the front overlaps more strongly with neighboring peaks, which can distort apparent purity for fast‑eluting components.</p><p>Consider lowering sample load or injection volume and matching diluent strength to the mobile phase, and when fronting persists, consult Phenomenex resources on <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/gc-knowledge-center/peak-shape-problems-tailing-peaks"><strong><u>peak-shape problems</u></strong></a>.</p><h4><strong>Noise and Drift</strong></h4><p>Baseline noise appears as small, rapid fluctuations around the baseline that make it harder to see low‑level peaks. Baseline drift shows up as a slow rise or fall of the baseline across the run, so the line no longer stays flat; this can cause apparent changes in peak height and shifts in where you draw integration baselines. Simple checks like improving solvent degassing, stabilizing temperature, and cleaning detector flow cells help reduce noise and drift.</p><h4><strong>Co‑Elution</strong></h4><p>Co‑elution is easy to spot when two peaks do not fully separate and instead form a shoulder or merged profile on the chromatogram.You may see one peak with a plateau or a visible kink where two components overlap, and the valley between them does not return to the baseline, which complicates assignments for closely eluting impurities. To resolve co‑elution, adjust selectivity by changing mobile phase composition, gradient profile, or column chemistry.</p><h4><strong>Broad Peaks</strong></h4><p>Broad peaks have a noticeably wider base and lower height compared with well‑focused peaks of similar are. They often span more time units on the x‑axis and show gentle slopes on both sides, indicating band spreading that reduces resolution and makes small shoulders harder to detect. Narrowing broad peaks usually involves reducing extra‑column volumes and confirming column performance and particle size suitability.</p><h4><strong>Retention-Time Shifting</strong></h4><p>Retention-time shifting is seen when all peaks move earlier or later in the chromatogram compared with previous runs, while their shapes remain similar. When you overlay chromatograms, consistent shifts in peak positions along the time axis, often on the order of a few percent, indicate changes in conditions such as temperature or mobile phase that must be tracked carefully. Fixing retention time shifts starts with stabilizing temperature and verifying mobile phase composition and flow rate settings across runs.</p></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>Tips for Accurate HPLC Chromatogram Interpretation</strong></h3></div></div></div></div><div><p>To read HPLC chromatograms accurately, maintain a stable temperature, use well‑degassed mobile phases, and keep detector flow cells and optics clean. Regularly check capacity factor and selectivity values against method expectations, and verify that resolution is adequate for critical pairs before accepting results.</p><p>When retention times drift or peak shapes degrade, review your <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/resources/knowledge-center/gc-knowledge-center/understanding-retention-time"><strong><u>retention-time</u></strong></a> trends alongside system maintenance logs so you can correct problems early.</p></div><div><div><div><div><h3><strong>FAQs on Reading HPLC Chromatograms</strong></h3></div></div></div></div><div><h4><strong>How Do You Calculate Capacity Factor (k') from a Chromatogram?</strong></h4><p>Capacity factor, <i>k</i>, is calculated using the analyte retention time, [Equation], and the dead time, <i>t</i><sub>R</sub>, measured from the unretained peak. Apply <i>k</i> = (<i>t</i><sub>R</sub> – <i>t</i><sub>M</sub>)/<i>t</i><sub>M</sub>, so higher k values indicate stronger interactions with the stationary phase and longer retention.</p><h4><strong>How Is Selectivity (α) Calculated Using Chromatogram Data?</strong></h4><p>Selectivity (α) describes how well two components are separated and is defined as the ratio of their retention factors, α = <i>k</i><sub>2</sub>/<i>k</i><sub>1</sub>, for peaks, where <i>k</i><sub>2</sub> &gt; <i>k</i><sub>1</sub>. Values higher than 1.2 show separation, and larger α values correspond to better selectivity between the peaks.</p><h4><strong>What Does Peak Area Indicate in HPLC?</strong></h4><p>Peak area reflects the total amount of analyte that reaches the detector and is generally more reliable than peak height for quantitative work. Build calibration curves that relate peak area to concentration, then apply them only when the baseline and detector response remain stable across all injections.</p><h4><strong>How Is Retention Time Used in HPLC Analysis?</strong></h4><p>Retention time is used as a qualitative index because each compound elutes at a characteristic time when conditions are held constant. Compare sample retention times with those of standards and then pair that information with peak area or height to confirm identity and calculate concentration in routine analyses.</p></div>

How to Read an HPLC Chromatogram: Step‑by‑Step Guide to Interpreting Results

<p><i><span><strong>Are you currently using single-column batch chromatography to isolate and purify target compounds, but struggling with high solvent demand, low product concentration, or limited throughput? Simulated Moving Bed chromatography offers an alternative approach that can address many of these limitations through continuous multi-column separation.</strong></span></i></p><h4><span><strong>What is Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography (SMB)?</strong></span></h4><p><span>Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) chromatography is a continuous multi-column separation technique designed to make more efficient use of the stationary phase while minimizing solvent consumption. It is particularly well suited to the purification of binary and pseudo-binary mixtures, including enantiomers, sugars, petrochemical products, and fine chemicals.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Conventional Batch Chromatography</strong></span></h4><p><span>In traditional batch chromatography, the sample is introduced onto a single chromatographic column and transported through the stationary phase by the mobile phase. Individual compounds interact with the stationary phase to different extents and therefore travel through the column at different rates:</span></p><ul><li><span>Weakly retained compounds migrate more rapidly.</span></li><li><span>Strongly retained compounds move through the column more slowly.</span></li></ul><p><span>The separated substances consequently leave the column at different retention times and can be collected as individual fractions (Fig. 1). Before a new sample is normally introduced, the previous sample must be completely eluted and the column prepared for the next separation.</span></p><p><span>Although single-column batch chromatography is versatile and comparatively easy to operate, several disadvantages become increasingly important at production scale. The stationary phase is not continuously involved in useful separation, which can limit productivity. Other drawbacks include substantial solvent consumption, diluted product fractions, repeated column regeneration, and potential loss of valuable product.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_1_Single_column_separation_A_fast_eluting_component_B_retaining_component_cda8ef66ef.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 1: Single column separation; A – fast eluting component, B – retaining component" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_1_Single_column_separation_A_fast_eluting_component_B_retaining_component_cda8ef66ef.jpg 76w," sizes="100vw" width="394" height="800"></p><h4><span><strong>From True Moving Bed to SMB</strong></span></h4><p><span>The principle behind SMB originates from the theoretical <strong>True Moving Bed (TMB)</strong> process. In an ideal TMB system, the liquid mobile phase and the solid stationary phase continuously travel in opposite directions. This counter-current arrangement takes advantage of differences in the affinity of individual compounds toward the two phases.</span></p><p><span>Consider a binary mixture containing components A and B. Component A interacts more strongly with the stationary phase, whereas component B is less strongly retained and preferentially follows the liquid mobile phase. Under appropriate operating conditions, the two substances effectively migrate in opposite directions and can be collected continuously through separate outlets (Fig. 2).</span></p><p><span>While this concept is highly efficient from a theoretical perspective, continuously moving a packed solid chromatographic adsorbent is technically difficult to realize.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_2_True_Moving_Bed_concept_e1eac66028.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 2: True Moving Bed concept" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_2_True_Moving_Bed_concept_e1eac66028.jpg 186w," sizes="100vw" width="954" height="800"></p><p><span>Four process ports divide the system into four functional zones (Zone I–IV):</span></p><ol><li><span>Eluent (desorbent) inlet</span></li><li><span>Extract outlet</span></li><li><span>Feed inlet</span></li><li><span>Raffinate outlet</span></li></ol><p><span>Feed and eluent are introduced continuously, while two product streams are simultaneously withdrawn:</span></p><ul><li><span><strong>Extract</strong> – the strongly retained, later-eluting component</span></li><li><span><strong>Raffinate</strong> – the less strongly retained, earlier-eluting component</span></li></ul><h4><span><strong>The Four Functional Zones</strong></span></h4><p><span>Each of the four zones has a defined purpose and operates at its own internal flow rate (VI–VIV):</span></p><ul><li><span><strong>Zone I</strong> regenerates the stationary phase.</span></li><li><span><strong>Zone II</strong> prevents the weakly retained component from entering the extract stream.</span></li><li><span><strong>Zone III</strong> prevents the strongly retained component from contaminating the raffinate.</span></li><li><span><strong>Zone IV</strong> enables recovery and internal reuse of the remaining solvent.</span></li></ul><h4><span><strong>How is the TMB Principle Implemented in SMB?</strong></span></h4><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.knauer.net/smb"><span>SMB</span></a><span> eliminates the need to physically move the stationary phase. Instead, the adsorbent remains fixed inside the chromatographic columns, while the positions of the liquid inlet and outlet ports are periodically shifted.</span></p><p><span>From the perspective of these moving connection points, the stationary phase appears to travel in the opposite direction to the liquid phase. SMB therefore reproduces the counter-current behavior of a TMB system without physically transporting the packed adsorbent (Fig. 3).</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_3_Transfer_TMB_concept_to_SMB_concept_e4b8905269.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 3: Transfer TMB concept to SMB concept" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_3_Transfer_TMB_concept_to_SMB_concept_e4b8905269.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1372" height="800"></p><p><span>A typical SMB setup consists of several chromatographic columns arranged in a closed loop. A standard configuration often uses eight columns, although the number can be adapted according to the application.</span></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_4_SMB_concept_fb005cdfa1.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 4: SMB concept" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_4_SMB_concept_fb005cdfa1.jpg 195w," sizes="100vw" width="1001" height="800"></p><p><span>After a predefined switching time, all inlet and outlet positions move forward by one column in the direction of the mobile-phase flow. The columns themselves stay in place, but their functional roles within the process change.</span></p><p><span>By repeatedly shifting the ports, the system creates the effect of a stationary phase moving counter-currently to the mobile phase. With eight columns, eight switching steps are required to complete one full SMB cycle.</span></p><p><span>Following an initial transition period, the process reaches a cyclic steady state. Concentrations continue to fluctuate during individual switching intervals, but the overall concentration profile repeats after every complete cycle.</span></p><p><span>Increasing the number of columns and reducing the size of individual switching steps allows the SMB system to reproduce ideal TMB behavior more closely. Systems containing fewer columns exhibit more pronounced discrete switching effects and can require more sophisticated dynamic modeling during process development.</span></p><h3><span><strong>What are the Main Advantages of SMB?</strong></span></h3><h4><span><strong>1. Continuous Operation and Higher Productivity</strong></span></h4><p><span>The key benefit of SMB chromatography is continuous operation. Feed and eluent enter the system continuously, while purified extract and raffinate streams are removed at the same time.</span></p><p><span>As a result, SMB systems can operate for prolonged periods—from several days to even several weeks—with very limited interruption.</span></p><p><span>Because several chromatographic columns perform different separation functions simultaneously, the stationary phase is utilized much more effectively than in conventional batch chromatography. This can translate into higher productivity, improved process efficiency, and a continuous supply of purified product.</span></p><h4><span><strong>2. Reduced Solvent Consumption</strong></span></h4><p><span>Conventional batch chromatography can require substantial volumes of mobile phase to achieve separation and product recovery. The collected fractions are often highly diluted, creating an additional need for downstream concentration.</span></p><p><span>SMB maintains concentration profiles within the circulating system and uses the mobile phase more efficiently. Partial internal recycling of solvent is an inherent part of the process.</span></p><p><span>Lower solvent consumption can lead to:</span></p><ul><li><span>Reduced raw-material costs</span></li><li><span>Lower volumes of liquid waste</span></li><li><span>Reduced energy requirements for solvent evaporation</span></li><li><span>More concentrated product streams and less downstream concentration</span></li></ul><h4><span><strong>3. High Recovery and Reproducible Product Quality</strong></span></h4><p><span>Once the process reaches cyclic steady state, SMB can continuously generate product streams with stable and reproducible composition.</span></p><p><span>Additional advantages can include high product recovery, lower product dilution, more efficient use of the stationary phase, and straightforward integration into continuous manufacturing strategies.</span></p><h4><span><strong>What are the Differences Between Batch LC and SMB?</strong></span></h4><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_differences_between_batch_LC_and_SMB_eba3897f65.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Differences between batch LC and SMB" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_differences_between_batch_LC_and_SMB_eba3897f65.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1061" height="638"></p><h4><span><strong>Where is SMB Used?</strong></span></h4><p><span>SMB technology is established across several industries and can be applied to purification processes ranging from gram-scale production to several tons per day (Fig. 5).</span></p><p><span>Typical and emerging applications include:</span></p><ul><li><span>Sugar purification</span></li><li><span>Petrochemical separations</span></li><li><span>Chiral separations</span></li><li><span>Fine chemical production</span></li><li><span>Pharmaceutical intermediates</span></li><li><span>Selected biomolecule separations</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Figure_5_SMB_application_areas_7109ff703f.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Figure 5: SMB application areas; author's illustration" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Figure_5_SMB_application_areas_7109ff703f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1500" height="512"></p><h4><span><strong>Limitations of SMB</strong></span></h4><p><span>Although SMB can provide substantial advantages, it is not necessarily the ideal solution for every chromatographic separation.</span></p><p><span>The instrumentation and process configuration are more complex than conventional single-column chromatography. Several pumps, valves, columns, and liquid pathways must be controlled precisely. Successful method development therefore requires a solid understanding of adsorption equilibria, mass-transfer effects, and fluid dynamics.</span></p><p><span>Classical four-zone SMB is primarily intended for binary and pseudo-binary separations. More complicated mixtures may require modified SMB configurations, additional purification steps, or multiple coupled SMB systems.</span></p><p><span>SMB is generally most economically attractive when relatively large quantities of a consistent feed material are processed continuously over extended periods.</span></p><p><span>Batch chromatography can remain the better option for small-scale production, frequent changes between products, complex multicomponent mixtures, or applications that depend on flexible gradient separations.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></h4><p><span>Simulated Moving Bed chromatography converts the theoretical counter-current principle of True Moving Bed separation into a practical continuous chromatographic process. Instead of physically transporting the stationary phase, SMB periodically changes the positions of the feed, eluent, extract, and raffinate connections. This reproduces the effect of counter-current movement between stationary and mobile phases.</span></p><p><span>Compared with conventional batch chromatography, SMB can provide higher productivity, more efficient stationary-phase utilization, substantially lower solvent consumption, and more concentrated product streams. Continuous operation makes the technology particularly attractive for demanding large-scale binary separations, including the purification of pharmaceutical enantiomers.</span></p><p><span>Although successful SMB implementation requires accurate process data, careful method development, and precise control of operating conditions, the technology demonstrates how an idealized chromatographic principle can be transformed into a robust and efficient industrial separation strategy.</span></p>

Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography: Efficient Continuous Separation

News from LabRulezLCMS Library - Week 44, 2026

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Phenomenex is a global technology leader committed to developing novel analytical chemistry solutions that solve the separation and purification challenges of researchers in industrial, government and academic laboratories.

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Based in Berlin, KNAUER is a medium-sized, owner-managed company that has been serving the sciences since 1962. We develop and manufacture scientific instruments of superior quality for liquid chromatography, including: Analytical HPLC/UHPLC, Preparative HPLC, Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), Multi-column chromatography/Simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography. High pressure dosing, in-line detection systems, and osmometry are additional business areas.

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KNAUER Pipettes

KNAUER Pipetting Solutions combine ergonomic BlueOrchid pipettes, high-purity pipette tips, reload systems, and sustainable rack boxes for accurate, comfortable, and contamination-free liquid handling workflows.

<p><strong>KNAUER Pipetting Solutions combine ergonomic design, precision engineering, and high-quality consumables to support reliable liquid handling workflows in analytical, biological, and routine laboratory applications. The portfolio includes BlueOrchid micropipettes, premium pipette tips, reload systems, and sustainable rack boxes designed to deliver maximum accuracy, user comfort, and workflow efficiency.</strong></p><h4><span><strong>BlueOrchid Pipettes</strong></span></h4><p>KNAUER BlueOrchid pipettes are designed for effortless daily pipetting with reduced hand strain and reliable long-term performance. The lightweight and balanced construction, combined with a silicone-based shock absorption mechanism and magnet-assisted piston system, minimizes pipetting and tip ejection forces for fatigue-free operation.</p><p>The pipettes feature intuitive one-handed volume adjustment with a secure locking mechanism and a large 4-digit display for easy readability. All models are ISO 8655-6 calibrated to ensure high accuracy and precision.</p><p><strong>Available single-channel volume ranges include:</strong></p><ul><li>0.1–2.5 µL</li><li>0.5–10 µL</li><li>2–20 µL</li><li>5–50 µL</li><li>10–100 µL</li><li>20–200 µL</li><li>100–1,000 µL</li><li>500–5,000 µL</li><li>1,000–10,000 µL</li><li>Fixed-volume 150 µL model</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Pipettes_6_3d401a1c67.jpg" alt="KNAUER: Pipettes" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Pipettes_6_3d401a1c67.jpg 241w," sizes="100vw" width="1046" height="677"></p><p><strong>Key characteristics:</strong></p><ul><li>Ergonomic low-force pipetting design</li><li>Color-coded volume identification</li><li>Autoclavable and chemically resistant construction</li><li>UV-resistant materials</li><li>No recalibration required after sterilization</li><li>Compatible with KNAUER pipette tips and many third-party brands</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Pipette Tips</strong></span></h4><p>KNAUER pipette tips are manufactured in Germany from high-quality medical-grade virgin polypropylene to ensure contamination-free and highly reproducible pipetting. The product range includes eight <strong>tip sizes from 10 µL to 10 mL</strong>, including <strong>extra-long 10 µL tips</strong> optimized for recovery of very small sample volumes.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Pipette_Tips_71e87b2e4b.webp" alt="KNAUER: Pipette Tips" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Pipette_Tips_71e87b2e4b.webp 100w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="1077"></p><p>The tips are designed with optimized cone geometry for secure pipette fitting and low-force attachment and ejection. A conical tip opening and ultra-smooth internal surface reduce droplet formation and minimize sample retention.</p><p><strong>Key advantages:</strong></p><ul><li>Free of DNase, RNase, human DNA, pyrogens, and PCR inhibitors</li><li>Autoclavable and non-wettable</li><li>US FDA-approved virgin polypropylene</li><li>Universal compatibility with major pipette brands</li><li>Graduation marks for rapid volume verification</li><li>Available in bulk bags or reload systems</li><li>Yellow and blue versions available for selected tip sizes</li></ul><p><strong>Available packaging options:</strong></p><ul><li>Bulk bags for economical refilling</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Bulk_Bags_f99e73dba3.webp" alt="KNAUER: Bulk Bags" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Bulk_Bags_f99e73dba3.webp 156w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="690"></p><ul><li>Reload units for fast one-handed box refilling and reduced plastic waste</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Reloads_48b0e2cf9d.webp" alt="KNAUER: Reload units" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Reloads_48b0e2cf9d.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="690" height="343"></p><h4><span><strong>Reload Systems</strong></span></h4><p>KNAUER reload systems are designed to simplify laboratory workflows while reducing environmental impact. <strong>Reloads</strong> are available for <strong>10 µL, 200 µL, and 1,000 µL pipette tips</strong> and allow quick replacement of empty rack inserts with minimal handling effort.</p><p><strong>Advantages of reload systems:</strong></p><ul><li>One-handed reload operation</li><li>Reduced plastic consumption</li><li>Space-saving storage</li><li>Color-coded rack inserts for quick identification</li><li>Optimized for routine high-throughput workflows</li></ul><h4><span><strong>Rack Boxes</strong></span></h4><p>KNAUER rack boxes provide secure and sustainable storage for pipette tips. The boxes are manufactured from 100% recycled plastic sourced from pipette tip production and are fully autoclavable.</p><p>The stackable design allows safe and space-efficient storage, while the easy-open lid and color-coded rack inserts improve laboratory organization and workflow efficiency.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/KNAUER_Tip_boxes_1d59517540.webp" alt="KNAUER: Rack boxes" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_KNAUER_Tip_boxes_1d59517540.webp 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="427"></p><p><strong>Available rack box versions:</strong></p><ul><li>10 µL / 10 µL XL pipette tips</li><li>200 µL / 300 µL pipette tips</li><li>1,000 µL pipette tips</li><li>1,250 µL pipette tips</li></ul><p><strong>Key features:</strong></p><ul><li>Made from 100% recycled plastic</li><li>Stackable construction</li><li>Secure tip positioning</li><li>Easy one-handed handling</li><li>Compatible with single- and multi-channel pipettes</li><li>Sustainable and reusable design</li></ul>

Organomation ROT-X-TRACT-LC Extraction System

ROT-X-TRACT-LC is a high-throughput liquid-liquid extraction system supporting simultaneous processing of up to eight samples using Corning Accelerated One-Step apparatuses.

<p><strong>The ROT-X-TRACT-LC system is designed to support up to eight (8) Corning Accelerated One-Step extraction apparatuses, providing an efficient solution for high-throughput liquid-liquid extraction workflows. The Corning Accelerated One-Step extractor integrates extraction and concentration into a single continuous process, helping laboratories streamline sample preparation while reducing manual handling steps.</strong></p><p>To maintain compatibility with standard laboratory fume hoods, the system utilizes a modified <strong>Friedrichs condenser</strong> with a reduced overall height.<strong> Allihn condensers</strong> are also available upon customer request.</p><p>The hydrophobic membrane enables continuous circulation of the organic solvent through the 1 L sample bottle until extraction is complete. By integrating a stopcock assembly and a 3-ball Snyder column, the Corning One-Step extractor is capable of both analyte extraction and final solvent evaporation within the same operating cycle.</p><p>The system also includes an electronic side control module that allows users to program bath temperatures and timed operating cycles in accordance with specific analytical methodologies.</p><ul><li><strong>Multiple Simultaneous Extractions:</strong> Extract and concentrate up to eight samples at once</li><li><strong>Easy Sample Access: </strong>The instrument rotates allowing all samples to be accessed from the front</li><li><strong>Fewer Connections:</strong> One water supply line in, one drain line out</li><li><strong>Precise: </strong>Digital control option allows for exact temperature regulation</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Organomation_ROT_X_TRACT_LC_Extraction_System_c7cbab77de.jpg" alt="Organomation ROT-X-TRACT-LC Extraction System" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Organomation_ROT_X_TRACT_LC_Extraction_System_c7cbab77de.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1400" height="1400"></p><h3><strong>Standard features</strong></h3><ul><li>Stainless steel construction</li><li>Stepped bath rim and cover disk seals steam chamber</li><li>Each condenser water line attached to centrally located water manifold</li><li>Side control box</li><li>Water flow meter</li><li>Laboratory grade materials stand up to organic solvents</li></ul><h3><strong>Glassware features</strong></h3><ul><li>Stop cock to switch to sample concentration after extraction is complete</li><li>1 L sample bottle</li><li>J-shaped Snyder column</li><li>Hydrophobic Corning membranes (sold separately)</li><li>In-line KD flask for optimum heat transfer</li><li>Vacuum insulated concentrator tube</li></ul><h3><strong>Options (Add to main Cat# when purchasing)</strong></h3><ul><li>All associated glassware</li><li>Positive pressure type Z purged bath (Option Code -Z), Cat# 13318-Z</li><li>240V wiring and plug (Option Code -2), Cat# 13318-2</li></ul><h3><strong>Specifications</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Instrument Catalog Number:</strong> 11318</li><li><strong>Instrument Name:</strong> Corning Accelerate One-Step Extractor</li><li><strong>Max No. of Samples:</strong> 8</li><li><strong>Bench Space:</strong> 24 x 19 x 42 in</li><li><strong>w x d x h:</strong> 61 x 48 x 107 cm</li><li><strong>Attached Control Box for Power &amp; Timer:</strong> Standard</li><li><strong>Glassware 1000ml:</strong> GS3380</li><li><strong>Extractor Type &amp; Size:</strong> Corning One-Step 1000 ml</li><li><strong>Solvent Flask Type &amp; Size:</strong> In-Line KD 100 ml</li><li><strong>Concentrator Tube:</strong> Insulated Tip</li><li><strong>Type &amp; Size:</strong> 10 ml 19/22</li><li><strong>Snyder Column Type:</strong> J Tube</li><li><strong>Condenser Type:</strong> Cold Finger 45/50</li><li><strong>Solvent Collection Flood Extractor:</strong> Standard</li><li><strong>Hydrophobic Membrane:</strong> Standard</li><li><strong>Water Bath Catalog Number:</strong> B3101</li><li><strong>Bath Model Number:</strong> 16169</li><li><strong>Bath Inside Dimensions:</strong> 16.0 x 8.5 in</li><li><strong>Diameter x Depth:</strong> 40.6 x 21.6 cm</li><li><strong>Bath Outside Dimensions:</strong> 24 x 19 x 10 in</li><li><strong>w x d x h:</strong> 61 x 48 x 25 cm</li><li><strong>Water Flow Meter:</strong> 0-3.0 lpm</li><li><strong>Heaters Total Watts:</strong> 1600 w</li><li><strong>Bath Temperature Range:</strong> 30 - 100 C</li><li><strong>Bath Temperature Accuracy:</strong> +/- 2 C</li></ul><h3><strong>Accessories</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>P1332:</strong> O-rings for S-EVAP/RXT water manifold</li><li><strong>GA3446C-20:</strong> Membranes Corning for Accelerated One-Step extractor, pkg of 20</li><li>All associated glassware</li><li>Bath cover disks<br>&nbsp;</li></ul>

Organomation Teflon-Free N-EVAPs for PFAS Research

Teflon-Free N-EVAP is a nitrogen concentrator for PFAS sample preparation and concentration without the risk of PTFE contamination. It offers individual nitrogen flow control and supports up to 24 samples simultaneously.

<p><strong>Teflon-Free N-EVAP nitrogen evaporators are specifically designed for PFAS sample preparation and concentration workflows in analytical and environmental laboratories. Built entirely without PTFE or other fluoropolymers, these systems help minimize the risk of contamination during nitrogen blowdown evaporation while enabling simultaneous processing of multiple samples.</strong></p><p>Referenced in EPA PFAS methods <strong>533, 537.1, and 1633</strong>, the Teflon-Free N-EVAP models are widely used in environmental and research laboratories requiring reliable PFAS sample preparation. The systems support both 15 mL and 50 mL centrifuge tubes and feature individual needle valves for each sample position, allowing independent nitrogen flow control and flexible processing of samples with different evaporation endpoints.</p><p>Designed for laboratories requiring both contamination control and workflow flexibility, the Teflon-Free N-EVAP provides an efficient solution for PFAS research and analytical applications.</p><ul><li><strong>Small Footprint:</strong> N-EVAP Models 111 and 112 require about one square foot of bench space</li><li><strong>Flexible: </strong>An adjustable sample holder design fits a wide variety of sample tubes and vials at once</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free Guarantee: </strong>Made with 100% PTFE-free materials to avoid contamination of PFAS samples</li><li><strong>Individualized Control: </strong>Optimize evaporation of diverse samples with individual gas flow control at each vial</li></ul><h3><strong>Standard features</strong></h3><ul><li>Nitrogen filter</li><li>Adjustable flow meter</li><li>Phthalate free silicon tubing eliminates contamination concerns</li><li>High temperature limit switch for safety</li><li>Dual band spring hoist assembly</li><li>Precision needle valve tube assembly</li><li>Needles, 4-inch x 19 gauge with chrome plated brass hub and stainless-steel shaft</li></ul><h3><strong>Options (Add to main Cat# when purchasing)</strong></h3><ul><li>220v wiring harness (Option Code# -2)<ul><li><strong>12 position model: </strong>Cat# 11155-NT-2</li><li><strong>24 position model:</strong> Cat# 11250-NT-2</li></ul></li><li>Reduced height (Option Code# -S)<ul><li><strong>12 position model: </strong>Cat# 11155-NT-S</li><li><strong>24 position model: </strong>Cat# 11250-NT-S</li></ul></li></ul><h3><strong>Specifications</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Bath Type:</strong> Water</li><li><strong>Instrumental Catalog Number:</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 11155-NT</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP: </strong>11250-NT</li></ul></li><li><strong>Number of Sample Positions:</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 12</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 24</li></ul></li><li><strong>Standard Dimensions (w x d x h):</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 13 x 11 x 31 in / 33 x 28 x 79 cm</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 16 x 15 x 33 in / 41 x 38 x 61 cm</li></ul></li><li><strong>Reduced Height Dimensions (w x d x h):</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 13 x 11 x 24 in / 33 x 28 x 61 cm</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 16 x 15 x 24 in / 41 x 38 x 61 cm</li></ul></li><li><strong>Sample Holder Layout:</strong> Circular</li><li><strong>Gas Manifold Layout:</strong> Single Ring</li><li><strong>Test Tube Range (Standard):</strong> 10-30 mm OD</li><li><strong>Test Tube Range (Optional):</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 5-16 mm OD</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 30-70 mm OD</li></ul></li><li><strong>Gas Flow Meter:</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 0-10 L/min</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 0-20 L/min</li></ul></li><li><strong>Stainless Steel Needles (Length x Gauge):</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 4.0 in x 19 ga&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 102 mm x 19 ga</li></ul></li><li><strong>Sample Tray Lift Mechanism:</strong> Dual Band Spring Hoist Assembly</li><li><strong>Standard Gas Input Range:</strong> 20-30 psig</li><li><strong>Gas Input Range w/Optional Pressure Reducing Regulator:</strong> 30-160 psig</li></ul><h5><strong>Heating Device Specs</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Model Number:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 5585</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 9125</li></ul></li><li><strong>Heating Medium:</strong> Water</li><li><strong>Inside Dimensions (Diameter x Depth):</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 8.5 x 4.5 in / 21.6 x 11.4 cm</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 12.0 x 4.5 in / 30.5 x 11.4 cm</li></ul></li><li><strong>Outside Dimensions (w x d x h):</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 13 x 11 x 7 in / 33 x 28 x 18 cm</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 16 x 15 x 7 in / 41 x 38 x 18 cm</li></ul></li><li><strong>Total Wattage:</strong>&nbsp;<ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 12p N-EVAP:</strong> 550 W</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 24p N-EVAP:</strong> 900 W</li></ul></li><li><strong>Bath Temperature Range:</strong> 30-90 °C</li><li><strong>Temperature Controller Type:</strong> Mechanical Thermostat</li><li><strong>Controller Accuracy:</strong> +/- 2 °C</li></ul><h3><strong>Accessories</strong></h3><ul><li>Small vessel sample holder for 12 position N-EVAP model only, for vial outside diameters of 5-16 mm (cat# NA1132)</li><li>Large vessel sample holder for 24 position N-EVAP model only, for vial outside diameters of 30-56 mm (cat# NA1113)</li><li>Teflon-free nitrogen generator (cat# NA1955-NT)</li><li>Pasteur pipette adapters (cat# NA0636)</li><li>Teflon-free pressure reducing regulator 0-160 psi (cat# NA0630-NT)</li><li>Various needle sizes and gauges</li></ul><h3><strong>Replacement parts</strong></h3><ul><li>P0627: Valve Tube Assembly – Post 1997</li><li>P0607: Luer &amp; washer for N-EVAP valve tube</li><li>P0634: Tube Fitting nylon 3 part for N-EVAP valve tube</li></ul>

Organomation Teflon-Free MULTIVAPs for PFAS Testing

The Teflon-Free MULTIVAP is a high-capacity evaporator for PFAS workflows, offering up to 100 sample positions, a heated water bath, and PTFE-free construction.

<p><strong>Teflon-free MULTIVAP nitrogen evaporators are designed for high-throughput PFAS sample preparation and concentration. Constructed entirely without PTFE or other fluoropolymers, they help minimize the risk of contamination during evaporation while enabling simultaneous processing of large sample batches.</strong></p><p>Available in <strong>64- and 100-position configurations</strong>, these systems are suitable for laboratories using<strong> EPA Methods 533, 537.1, and 1633</strong>. A gas distribution manifold provides uniform nitrogen flow to all samples, while row-specific controls allow unused positions to be switched off to reduce nitrogen consumption.</p><p>The evaporators feature a heated water bath with a temperature range of <strong>30–100 °C </strong>and customized sample racks designed for specific tube dimensions, ensuring efficient and reproducible solvent evaporation.</p><p>For laboratories requiring maximum throughput and consistent PFAS sample preparation, Teflon-free MULTIVAP evaporators provide a reliable and contamination-conscious solution.</p><ul><li><strong>Capacity: </strong>Evaporate batches of up to 64 or 100 samples, with outside diameters of up to 30 mm</li><li><strong>Precise:</strong> Digital controls allow exact temperature regulation</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free Guarantee: </strong>Made with PTFE-free materials to avoid contamination of PFAS</li><li><strong>Consistent: </strong>Uniform evaporation across all samples with no adjustment needed between runs</li></ul><h4><strong>Standard features</strong></h4><ul><li style="line-height:24px;">Adjustable flow meter</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Dual band hoist spring assembly</li><li style="line-height:24px;">High temperature limit switch for safety</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Safety control cover plate</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Digital temperature controller</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Electronic timer</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Nitrogen filter</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Gas distribution manifold</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Built-in pressure reducing regulator</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Needle guide</li></ul><h4><strong>Options (Add to main Cat# when purchasing)</strong></h4><ul><li>220v wiring harness (Option Code# -2)<ul><li style="vertical-align:baseline;"><strong>64 position model: </strong>Cat# 11364-NT-2</li><li style="vertical-align:baseline;"><strong>100 position model: </strong>Cat# 11300-NT-2</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Bath Type:</strong> Water</li><li><strong>Instrumental Catalog Number:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 64p MULTIVAP:</strong> 11364-NT</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 100p MULTIVAP:</strong> 11300-NT</li></ul></li><li><strong>Number of Sample Positions:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 64p MULTIVAP:</strong> 64</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 100p MULTIVAP:</strong> 100</li></ul></li><li><strong>Standard Dimensions (w x d x h):</strong> 19 x 17 x 34 in / 48 x 43 x 86 cm</li><li><strong>Sample Holder Layout:</strong> Square</li><li><strong>Gas Manifold Layout:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 64p MULTIVAP:</strong> 8 x 8 array</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 100p MULTIVAP:</strong> 10 x 10 array</li></ul></li><li><strong>Center to Center Spacing Between Positions:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 64p MULTIVAP:</strong> 1.3125 in / 3.33 cm</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 100p MULTIVAP:</strong> 1.0 in / 2.54 cm</li></ul></li><li><strong>Test Tube Diameter:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 64p MULTIVAP:</strong> 11–30 mm OD</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 100p MULTIVAP:</strong> 11–22 mm OD</li></ul></li><li><strong>Gas Flow Control On/Off Valve:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 64p MULTIVAP:</strong> Every row of 8</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 100p MULTIVAP:</strong> Every row of 10</li></ul></li><li><strong>Gas Flow Meter Range:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 64p MULTIVAP:</strong> 0–30 L/min</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 100p MULTIVAP:</strong> 0–50 L/min</li></ul></li><li><strong>Stainless Steel Needles (Length x Gauge):</strong> 4.0 in x 19 ga / 102 mm x 19 ga</li><li><strong>Needle Guide:</strong> Standard</li><li><strong>Hoist Assembly:</strong> Dual Pulley &amp; Band Springs</li><li><strong>Built-in Gas Regulator Input:</strong> 30–110 psig</li></ul><h5><strong>Heating Device Specs</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Model Number:</strong> 11196</li><li><strong>Inside Dimensions (Diameter x Depth):</strong> 11 x 11 x 5.5 in / 28 x 28 x 14 cm</li><li><strong>Outside Dimensions (w x d x h):</strong> 19 x 17 x 7 in / 48 x 43 x 18 cm</li><li><strong>Total Wattage:</strong> 1100 W</li><li><strong>Bath Temperature Range:</strong><ul><li><strong>Teflon-Free 64p MULTIVAP:</strong> 30–110 °C</li><li><strong>Teflon-Free 100p MULTIVAP:</strong> 30–100 °C</li></ul></li><li><strong>Temperature Controller Type:</strong> Digital Electronic with LED Display</li><li><strong>Controller Accuracy:</strong> +/- 2 °C</li></ul><h4><strong>Accessories</strong></h4><ul><li style="line-height:24px;">Custom sized racks for 64 position model (cat# NA1360)</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Custom sized racks for 100 position model (cat# NA1361)</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Nitrogen generator (cat# NA1935)</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Pasteur pipette adapters (cat# NA0636, cannot be used with needle guide)</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Luer plugs (cat# NA1307)</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Pressure reducing regulator 0-160 psi (cat# NA0630-NT)</li><li style="line-height:24px;">Various needle sizes and gauges</li></ul>

Organomation Standard CentriVap Vacuum Concentrator

CentriVap Benchtop Vacuum Concentrators combine vacuum, centrifugal force, and heat for rapid sample concentration, processing up to 148 samples in a single run.

<p><strong>CentriVap Benchtop Vacuum Concentrators are designed for rapid concentration of small-volume samples. By combining centrifugal force, vacuum, and controlled heating, they provide efficient solvent evaporation for biological, microbiological, biochemical, pharmaceutical, and analytical laboratory workflows.</strong></p><p>The systems can process <strong>up to 148 samples simultaneously</strong>, accommodating volumes ranging from a few microliters <strong>to 25 mL</strong>. An optional microtiter plate rotor supports up to four standard microplates or two deep-well plates, providing additional flexibility for high-throughput applications.&nbsp;</p><p><i>Developed in partnership with Labconco.</i></p><ul><li><strong>Large Chamber: </strong>Holds up to 148 samples for maximum throughput</li><li><strong>Stores 9 User-Set Programs:</strong> Temperature, heat time, and run time parameters can be saved</li><li><strong>One Button Start Up: </strong>Start the rotor, heater, timers, and vacuum pump simultaneusly</li><li><strong>Preheat Button:</strong> Press to turn on heater to preheat chamber prior to loading samples</li></ul><h4><strong>Standard features</strong></h4><ul><li>Centrifugal force, vacuum, and heat to rapidly concentrate samples</li><li>Large chamber to hold up to 148 samples</li><li>Stores 9 user-set programs such as heat or time parameters</li><li>Quick-Start one button start up for rotor, heater, timers, and vacuum pump</li><li>Preheat button to heat chamber prior to loading samples</li></ul><h4><strong>Requirements (not included)</strong></h4><ul><li>Vacuum pump</li><li>CentriVap cold trap</li><li>Rotor</li><li>Sample tubes</li></ul><h4><br><strong>Optional accessories</strong></h4><ul><li>CentriZap strobe light</li><li>Vacuum controller</li><li>Glass lid</li><li>CantriVap cart</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Instrument Catalog Number:</strong> LC-7810010</li><li><strong>Number of Sample Positions:</strong> Up to 148</li><li><strong>Dimensions (w x d x h):</strong> 14.7 x 19.3 x 11.7 in</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong><ul><li><strong>Net:</strong> 42 lbs. (19 kg)</li><li><strong>Gross: </strong>48 lbs. (22 kg)</li></ul></li><li><strong>Lid Material:</strong> Acrylic</li><li><strong>Temperature Range:</strong> 0–100 °C</li><li><strong>Warranty:</strong> 1 year</li><li><strong>Electrical Requirements:</strong> 115V, 50/60 Hz</li><li><strong>Rotor Speed:</strong> Up to 1725 RPM</li></ul><h4><strong>Accessories</strong></h4><ul><li>Metal rotors for tubes</li><li>Microliter plate rotors</li><li>Acid-resistant thermoplastic rotors</li><li>Metal rotors for pear-shaped flasks</li><li>CentriZap standard strobe light</li><li>Standard CentriVap glass lid</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA DAD 2.1L Diode Array Detector

KNAUER AZURA® DAD 2.1L is a high-performance diode array detector for HPLC/UHPLC featuring 190–700 nm coverage, LightGuide technology, low drift, and up to 100 Hz data acquisition.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® DAD 2.1L is a high-performance diode array detector designed for analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative liquid chromatography applications. Combining advanced optical technology, excellent sensitivity, and intuitive operation, the detector offers an affordable solution for demanding HPLC and UHPLC workflows.</strong></p><p>The detector features a newly developed optical system and intelligent temperature management that ensure maximum sensitivity while minimizing baseline drift. Optional LightGuide flow cells based on total internal reflection technology maximize light throughput and minimize peak dispersion, resulting in superior signal-to-noise performance. An optional fiber-optic adapter allows physical separation of the flow cell from the detector, enhancing safety when handling hazardous, explosive, or toxic compounds.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>High-performance diode array detector <strong>for HPLC and UHPLC</strong></li><li>Wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 700 nm</strong></li><li><strong>256-diode array</strong> with <strong>2 nm pixel pitch</strong></li><li>Advanced optical system with optimized temperature management</li><li><strong>LightGuide flow cell technology</strong> for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio</li><li>Wide selection of interchangeable analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative flow cells</li><li>Optional fiber-optic adapter for remote flow cell positioning</li><li>Internal holmium filter for wavelength verification</li><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Front-access, tool-free lamp replacement</li><li>Compatible with <strong>ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, Chromeleon™, PurityChrom®, and Mobile Control</strong></li><li>LAN and analog connectivity for easy integration into virtually any LC system</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detector type:</strong> Diode Array Detector (DAD)</li><li><strong>Number of diodes: </strong>256</li><li><strong>Pixel pitch:</strong> 2 nm per diode</li><li><strong>Detection channels:</strong><ul><li>8 digital channels</li><li>4 analog channels</li></ul></li><li><strong>Light source: </strong>Deuterium lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li><strong>Wavelength range: </strong>190–700 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral resolution: </strong>&lt;10 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Slit width:</strong> 7.0 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy: </strong>±1 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength repeatability:</strong> ±0.1 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±5 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift:</strong> 400 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity</strong>: &gt;2.0 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>100 Hz via LAN</li><li>12.5 Hz via analog output</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells are not included and must be ordered separately</li><li>Stainless steel and bio-inert configurations available</li><li>Optional LightGuide total-reflection technology</li></ul><h4><strong>Control and Communication</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN (RJ-45)</li><li>USB service interface</li><li>Analog inputs and outputs</li><li>Mobile Control stand-alone operation</li><li>Full software control through chromatography data systems</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp identification</li><li>Lamp operating hours</li><li>Lamp ignition count</li><li>Comprehensive GLP reporting</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>75 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 361 × 158 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight: </strong>12.2 kg</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA DAD 6.1L Diode Array Detector

KNAUER AZURA® DAD 6.1L is a premium diode array detector with 190–1000 nm coverage, 1024-diode array, Polka-Dot optics, and LightGuide technology for maximum sensitivity.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® DAD 6.1L is a high-end diode array detector designed for analytical, semi-preparative, preparative, and process liquid chromatography applications. Featuring an extended wavelength range of 190–1000 nm, KNAUER Polka-Dot optical technology, and a 1024-diode array, it delivers exceptional sensitivity, spectral resolution, and baseline stability.</strong></p><p>The detector combines a high-brightness deuterium lamp and tungsten-halogen lamp to provide seamless UV and visible light detection. Optional LightGuide flow cells based on total internal reflection technology maximize light throughput while minimizing peak dispersion. An optional fiber-optic adapter enables physical separation of the flow cell from the detector, increasing safety when working with hazardous, explosive, or toxic compounds and protecting the detector from potential leaks at high flow rates.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>High-end diode array detector<strong> for HPLC, UHPLC, and process chromatography</strong></li><li>Extended wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 1000 nm</strong></li><li>1024-diode array with <strong>0.8 nm pixel pitch</strong></li><li><strong>KNAUER</strong> <strong>Polka-Dot optical technology</strong> for maximum sensitivity</li><li><strong>LightGuide flow cell technology </strong>for superior signal-to-noise ratio</li><li>Wide range of analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative flow cells</li><li>Optional fiber-optic adapter for remote flow cell positioning</li><li>High-brightness deuterium and halogen lamps</li><li>Internal holmium filter for wavelength verification</li><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Front-access lamp replacement</li><li>Compatible with <strong>ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, Chromeleon™, PurityChrom®</strong>, and <strong>Mobile Control</strong></li><li>Suitable for both laboratory and process applications</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detector type:</strong> Diode Array Detector (DAD)</li><li><strong>Number of diodes:</strong> 1024</li><li><strong>Pixel pitch: </strong>0.8 nm per diode</li><li><strong>Detection channels:</strong><ul><li>8 digital channels</li><li>4 analog channels</li></ul></li><li><strong>Light source:</strong><ul><li>High-brightness deuterium lamp</li><li>Tungsten-halogen lamp</li></ul></li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 190–1000 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral resolution: </strong>&lt;3.5 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Slit width: </strong>2.5 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy: </strong>±1 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength repeatability:</strong> ±0.1 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±3.5 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift:</strong> 300 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity: </strong>&gt;2.5 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>100 Hz via LAN</li><li>12.5 Hz via analog output</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells sold separately</li><li>Stainless-steel and bio-inert configurations available</li><li>Optional LightGuide total-reflection technology</li></ul><h4><strong>Control and Communication</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN (RJ-45)</li><li>USB service interface</li><li>Analog inputs and outputs</li><li>Mobile Control stand-alone operation</li><li>Full software integration with chromatography data systems</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp identification</li><li>Lamp operating hours</li><li>Lamp ignition count</li><li>Comprehensive GLP reporting</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply: </strong>100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>75 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D): </strong>361 × 158 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 13.8 kg</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA MWD 2.1L Multiwavelength Detector

KNAUER AZURA® MWD 2.1L is an 8-channel UV/VIS detector with 190–700 nm coverage, LightGuide technology, high sensitivity, and upgradeability to a DAD system.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® MWD 2.1L is a sensitive 8-channel UV/VIS multiwavelength detector designed for analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative liquid chromatography. Combining excellent performance, user-friendly operation, and affordability, it provides a versatile solution for routine and advanced LC applications.</strong></p><p>The detector features a newly developed optical unit and intelligent temperature management to ensure maximum sensitivity with minimal baseline drift. Optional LightGuide flow cells based on total internal reflection technology maximize light throughput and minimize peak dispersion, resulting in an optimized signal-to-noise ratio. An optional fiber-optic adapter allows physical separation of the flow cell from the detector, increasing safety when handling hazardous, explosive, or toxic materials.</p><p>The <strong>AZURA® MWD 2.1L</strong> can also be upgraded to a full <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2423"><strong>AZURA® DAD 2.1L diode array detector</strong></a>, protecting future investments and enabling greater analytical flexibility.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>Sensitive <strong>8-channel UV/VIS multiwavelength detector</strong></li><li>Wavelength range<strong> from 190 to 700 nm</strong></li><li>Simultaneous monitoring of <strong>up to 8 digital channels</strong></li><li>LightGuide flow cell technology for improved sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio</li><li>Intelligent temperature management for minimal baseline drift</li><li>Wide selection of analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative flow cells</li><li>Optional fiber-optic adapter for remote flow cell positioning</li><li>Internal holmium filter for wavelength verification</li><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Front-access lamp replacement</li><li>Upgradeable to the AZURA® DAD 2.1L diode array detector</li><li>Compatible with <strong>ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, Chromeleon™, PurityChrom®</strong>, and <strong>Mobile Control</strong></li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detector type: </strong>Multiwavelength Detector (MWD)</li><li><strong>Digital channels: </strong>8</li><li><strong>Analog channels:</strong> 4</li><li><strong>Light source: </strong>Deuterium lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li><strong>Wavelength range: </strong>190–700 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral resolution: </strong>&lt;10 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Slit width: </strong>7.0 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy: </strong>±1 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength repeatability: </strong>±0.1 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±5 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift:</strong> 400 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt;2.0 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>100 Hz via LAN</li><li>12.5 Hz via analog output</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells sold separately</li><li>Stainless-steel and bio-inert configurations available</li><li>Optional LightGuide total-reflection technology</li></ul><h4><strong>Control and Communication</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN (RJ-45)</li><li>USB service interface</li><li>Analog inputs and outputs</li><li>Mobile Control stand-alone operation</li><li>Full software integration with chromatography data systems</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp identification</li><li>Lamp operating hours</li><li>Lamp ignition count</li><li>Comprehensive GLP reporting</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply:</strong> 100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>75 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 361 × 158 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight:</strong> 12.2 kg</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA VWD 2.1L Variable Wavelength Detector

Flexible UV/VIS detector with up to four wavelengths, conductivity, temperature, and optional pH monitoring. Ideal for HPLC, FPLC, and purification applications.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® VWD 2.1L is a versatile variable wavelength detector designed for analytical HPLC, FPLC, and purification applications. Combining UV/VIS detection with optional conductivity, temperature, and pH monitoring, it provides exceptional flexibility for a wide range of chromatographic workflows.</strong></p><p>The detector supports simultaneous monitoring of up to four UV/VIS wavelengths across a broad spectral range from 190 to 900 nm. When equipped with KNAUER’s patented <strong>CombiLight flow cell</strong>, it can simultaneously measure UV absorbance, conductivity, and eluent temperature. An optional pH electrode further extends functionality by enabling real-time pH monitoring during chromatographic separations.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li>Variable wavelength UV/VIS detector <strong>for analytical HPLC and FPLC</strong></li><li>Simultaneous monitoring of <strong>up to 4 UV/VIS wavelengths</strong></li><li>Broad wavelength range from <strong>190 to 900 nm</strong></li><li>Optional conductivity monitoring up to <strong>1000 mS/cm</strong></li><li>Integrated temperature monitoring</li><li>Optional real-time pH measurement</li><li>Compatible with patented KNAUER CombiLight flow cell technology</li><li>Convertible between flow-cell and fiber-optic configurations</li><li>Internal holmium oxide filter for wavelength verification</li><li>Adjustable leak sensor for enhanced operational safety</li><li>Front-access lamp and flow-cell replacement</li><li>Comprehensive GLP functionality with component recognition</li><li>Suitable for analytical, preparative, and purification workflows</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels:</strong><ul><li>4 × UV/VIS</li><li>1 × Conductivity</li><li>1 × Temperature</li><li>1 × pH</li></ul></li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 190–900 nm</li><li><strong>Light source:</strong><ul><li>High-brightness deuterium lamp</li><li>Halogen lamp</li><li>Integrated GLP chip</li></ul></li><li><strong>Flow cell:</strong> Not included</li><li><strong>Optional display:</strong> Mobile Control</li></ul><h4><strong>UV/VIS Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth:</strong> 6 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy: </strong>±1.5 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision:</strong> 0.4 nm</li><li><strong>Baseline noise: </strong>±7.5 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Baseline drift:</strong> 200 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity: </strong>&gt;2.5 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>100 Hz (single UV channel)</li><li>5 Hz (four UV channels)</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Conductivity Monitoring</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Measurement range: </strong>0.1–1000 mS/cm</li><li><strong>Accuracy:</strong> ±2% or ±0.5 mS/cm (whichever is greater)</li></ul><h4><strong>pH Monitoring</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Measurement range: </strong>pH 0–14</li><li><strong>Accuracy: </strong>±0.1 pH (between pH 2–12)</li></ul><h4><strong>Temperature Monitoring</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Measurement range</strong>: 1–99 °C</li><li><strong>Accuracy</strong>: ±1.5 °C (4–40 °C)</li></ul><h4><strong>System Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Internal holmium oxide filter for wavelength verification</li><li>Adjustable leak sensor</li><li>Automatic integration time</li><li>User-selectable time constants:</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp recognition</li><li>Operating hours tracking</li><li>Light source lifetime monitoring</li><li>Flow-cell recognition</li><li>Detailed GLP reporting</li></ul><h4><strong>Maintenance</strong></h4><ul><li>Front-accessible deuterium lamp</li><li>Front-accessible halogen lamp</li><li>Front-accessible flow cell</li><li>Simplified service procedures</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Analytical HPLC</li><li>FPLC systems</li><li>Protein purification</li><li>Biopharmaceutical analysis</li><li>Process chromatography</li><li>Preparative chromatography</li><li>Method development</li><li>Quality control laboratories</li><li>UV/VIS monitoring of purification processes</li></ul>

KNAUER AZURA UVD 2.1L UV/VIS Detector

Compact and affordable UV/VIS detector for routine HPLC and fast LC applications, featuring 190–750 nm wavelength range and flexible flow-cell options.

<p><strong>The KNAUER AZURA® UVD 2.1L is a cost-effective UV/VIS detector designed for routine HPLC applications, including fast liquid chromatography methods. Combining reliable performance, compact dimensions, and flexible flow-cell options, it provides an ideal solution for analytical and preparative chromatography laboratories seeking dependable UV detection at an attractive price point.</strong></p><p>The detector utilizes a deuterium lamp covering the wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 750 nm</strong> and offers excellent sensitivity and stability for everyday chromatographic analysis. Its smart mechanical design allows quick and easy access to the flow cell, minimizing maintenance time and maximizing instrument uptime.</p><p>A wide range of interchangeable flow cells is available, including stainless-steel and bio-inert versions suitable for analytical, semi-preparative, and preparative LC applications with <strong>flow rates ranging from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong>. The detector integrates seamlessly into virtually any LC system through LAN communication, analog I/O, and compatibility with leading chromatography software packages.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Cost-effective UV/VIS detector </strong>for routine HPLC applications</li><li>Suitable for fast LC methods</li><li>Wavelength range <strong>from 190 to 750 nm</strong></li><li>Single-channel variable wavelength detection</li><li><strong>Deuterium lamp </strong>with integrated GLP chip</li><li>Compact and robust instrument design</li><li>Easily accessible flow cell for rapid replacement</li><li>Wide selection of interchangeable flow cells</li><li>Compatible with analytical and preparative LC applications</li><li><strong>Flow rates from 10 μL/min up to 10 L/min</strong></li><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Automatic integration time adjustment</li><li>LAN and analog communication interfaces</li><li>Comprehensive GLP functionality</li><li><strong>Compatible with ClarityChrom®, OpenLAB®, Chromeleon™, ChromGate®, PurityChrom®</strong>, and <strong>Mobile Control</strong></li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Specifications</strong></h3><h4><strong>Detection System</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Detection channels:</strong> 1</li><li><strong>Light source: </strong>Deuterium (D₂) lamp with integrated GLP chip</li><li><strong>Wavelength range:</strong> 190–750 nm</li><li><strong>Spectral bandwidth: </strong>11 nm (FWHM)</li><li><strong>Wavelength accuracy:</strong> ±2.5 nm</li><li><strong>Wavelength precision:</strong> 0.3 nm</li></ul><h4><strong>Performance</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Noise:</strong> ±15 µAU at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Drift: </strong>300 µAU/h at 254 nm</li><li><strong>Linearity:</strong> &gt;2.0 AU at 274 nm</li><li><strong>Maximum data rate:</strong><ul><li>50 Hz via LAN</li><li>20 Hz via analog output</li></ul></li></ul><h4><strong>Flow Cells</strong></h4><ul><li>Flow cells sold separately</li><li>Stainless-steel and bio-inert options available</li><li>Suitable for analytical and preparative chromatography</li><li>Flow rates from 10 μL/min to 10 L/min</li></ul><h4><strong>Communication and Control</strong></h4><ul><li>LAN communication</li><li>Analog input/output</li><li>Mobile Control software</li><li>Event control</li><li>Terminal protocol</li></ul><h4><strong>Inputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Error (IN)</li><li>Start (IN)</li><li>Autozero</li><li>0–10 V Analog (IN)</li></ul><h4><strong>Outputs</strong></h4><ul><li>Events 1–3</li><li>+5 V</li><li>24 V Valve</li></ul><h4><strong>Analog Output</strong></h4><ul><li>1 × 0–5 V scalable</li><li>20-bit resolution</li><li>Adjustable offset</li></ul><h4><strong>Programming Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Timed wavelength programming</li><li>Event programming</li><li>Fraction valve control</li><li>Wake-up functions</li><li>Up to 9 programs</li><li>Up to 50 program lines</li></ul><h4><strong>GLP Functions</strong></h4><ul><li>Lamp recognition</li><li>Operating hours tracking</li><li>Lamp operating hours</li><li>Lamp ignition counter</li><li>Detailed GLP reports</li></ul><h4><strong>Safety and Maintenance</strong></h4><ul><li>Integrated leak sensor</li><li>Easy-access flow cell compartment</li><li>Front-access maintenance</li><li>Minimal downtime for service operations</li></ul><h4><strong>Environmental Conditions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Operating temperature:</strong> 4–40 °C</li><li><strong>Humidity:</strong> &lt;90% non-condensing</li></ul><h4><strong>Power and Dimensions</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Power supply: </strong>100–240 V, 50–60 Hz</li><li><strong>Power consumption: </strong>65 W</li><li><strong>Dimensions (W × H × D):</strong> 361 × 158 × 523 mm</li><li><strong>Weight: </strong>5.9 kg</li></ul><h3><strong>Applications</strong></h3><ul><li>Routine HPLC analysis</li><li>Fast LC methods</li><li>Pharmaceutical quality control</li><li>Food and beverage analysis</li><li>Environmental testing</li><li>Chemical analysis</li><li>Preparative liquid chromatography</li><li>Academic and research laboratories</li></ul>

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