<p><strong>Taťána Gazárková is currently a&nbsp;postdoctoral fellow in the Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance and Microbial Metabolomics. During her doctoral studies, she focused on chromatography and mass spectrometry. Recently, she was awarded second place in the “Sanofi Prize for Pharmacy 2026” competition.</strong></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/MBU_AV_CR_Lukas_Biba_Rozhovor_Cim_zaujala_analyticka_chemie_postdoktorandku_Tatanu_Gazarkovou_7450c646fa.jpg" alt="MBÚ/Lukas Biba:&nbsp;Sanofi Prize for Pharmacy 2026" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_MBU_AV_CR_Lukas_Biba_Rozhovor_Cim_zaujala_analyticka_chemie_postdoktorandku_Tatanu_Gazarkovou_7450c646fa.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="683"></p><p><strong>Taťána Gazárková </strong>is currently a&nbsp;postdoctoral fellow in the <strong>Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance and Microbial Metabolomics</strong>. During her doctoral studies, she focused on chromatography and mass spectrometry. Recently, she was awarded second place in the <strong>“Sanofi Prize for Pharmacy 2026” </strong>competition, which is awarded by the<strong> French Embassy in the Czech Republic</strong> for her dissertation – Steroid Analysis Using Modern Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometry Techniques: From Fundamental Studies to Targeted Bioanalytical Applications (supervisor: <strong>Lucie Nováková, Charles University</strong>).&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>What makes this field particularly exciting or unique in your view?</strong></h5><p>What I&nbsp;enjoy about analytical chemistry is that, to a&nbsp;certain extent, it is a&nbsp;kind of detective work. You are often looking for ways to “make the invisible visible”. In other words, extract the information you are interested in from a&nbsp;complex sample and then interpret it correctly. What also appeals to me about bioanalytical chemistry is its interdisciplinary nature. It brings together analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biology and medicine, which means that you need to be able not only to translate a&nbsp;biological or clinical question into a&nbsp;measurable analytical experiment, but also to place the resulting data back into a&nbsp;broader biological context. This combination of different perspectives is probably what I&nbsp;enjoy most about the field. At the same time, there is still plenty of room for fundamental research, ranging from studying analytical techniques themselves and improving them to developing new methodological approaches.</p><h5><strong>How did you end up at the </strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://mbu.cas.cz/en/research/laboratory-of-antibiotic-resistance-and-microbial-metabolomics"><strong>Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistance and Microbial Metabolomics</strong></a><strong>, and what project are you currently working on?</strong></h5><p>I came to the Institute of Microbiology through a&nbsp;joint project between<strong> Dr Zdeněk Kameník and Assoc. Prof. Jan Bobek from the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University</strong>. For me, it was also an opportunity to move from targeted analysis and the study of chromatographic techniques towards untargeted metabolomics and new biological questions.</p><p>In the project, we are trying to identify new biologically active compounds that would be effective, particularly against pathogenic fungi. As a&nbsp;potential source of such compounds, we study streptomycetes, bacteria known for their ability to produce a&nbsp;wide range of biologically active compounds, including many antibiotics that are currently in clinical use. We focus on less-explored host-associated streptomycetes, in which we had already observed antifungal activity in previous experiments. We are especially interested in strains active against Candida albicans whose activity cannot be explained by the presence of a&nbsp;known bioactive compound. These strains may represent an interesting source of novel compounds. We then integrate the results of untargeted metabolomic analyses with genomic analyses, which allows us to obtain a&nbsp;more comprehensive view of the biosynthetic potential of selected strains.</p><h5><strong>You also took part in this year’s Vědafest, a&nbsp;science outreach event for the public. What was it like?</strong></h5><p>I already had some experience with science outreach through events such as Researchers’ Night and the Science Fair at my previous institution, but this year’s Vědafest was still new to me in some ways. This time, I&nbsp;was presenting a&nbsp;field that I&nbsp;myself had entered only relatively recently. It was therefore more challenging to find the right analogies and explain the essence of the topic in a&nbsp;way that was simple, yet precise and scientifically accurate. At the same time, that was exactly what made it inspiring. It forces you to look at your own work from a&nbsp;different perspective. What I&nbsp;enjoyed most was the spontaneity and curiosity of the children, who often came up with questions that would never even occur to an adult.</p><h5><strong>What are the biggest challenges you face on your scientific journey, and what helps you overcome them?</strong></h5><p>One of the greatest, but at the same time most interesting, challenges is, in my view, the uncertainty that is inseparably linked to research. For a&nbsp;long time, you often do not know whether you have taken the right direction in addressing a&nbsp;particular question or whether you will ultimately manage to find that figurative final piece of the puzzle. At the same time, this uncertainty is precisely what makes science exciting for me.</p><p>Another major challenge, particularly in interdisciplinary projects, is communication. It is important from the very formulation of a&nbsp;hypothesis and the planning of experiments through to the interpretation of results, including negative ones, and placing them in a&nbsp;broader context. To some extent, every field has its own language, and finding a&nbsp;common understanding is not always straightforward. Personally, I&nbsp;find it very helpful to be able to discuss problems with colleagues on an ongoing basis, whether individually or during regular laboratory seminars. One of the major strengths of our current group is its interdisciplinary nature, which allows me to look at the same problem from several different perspectives. It is also important for me not to lose my curiosity, because that is ultimately what leads us to ask further questions.</p><h5><strong>What are your plans after completing your PhD?</strong></h5><p>After finishing my PhD, I&nbsp;decided that I&nbsp;do not need to have everything that comes next precisely mapped out straight away. I&nbsp;would like to keep different options open for a&nbsp;while and continue building on my experience in analytical chemistry, while at the same time connecting it with other areas that have a&nbsp;biological or medical relevance. I&nbsp;believe that we can keep learning throughout our lives, so I&nbsp;am quite curious to see where the next stage of my journey will take me.</p><p><i>Thank you for the interview!</i></p>

Interview: What Drew Postdoc Taťána Gazárková to Analytical Chemistry

<p><strong>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have earned the moniker "forever chemicals" due to their extreme persistence in the environment. Their detection is crucial for protecting public health and the environment as these synthetic compounds continue to pose significant challenges worldwide. This comprehensive exploration examines why PFAS detection matters, current detection methods, and future directions in addressing PFAS contamination.</strong></p><h3><strong>Understanding PFAS and Their Health Impacts</strong></h3><p>PFAS are a class of synthetic organic compounds with diverse structures, properties, and uses. Despite their diversity, all PFAS contain perfluoroalkyl moieties that are extremely resistant to environmental and metabolic degradation [1]. This high persistence is a defining characteristic that makes PFAS management particularly challenging.</p><h3><strong>Documented Health Effects</strong></h3><p>Current scientific research has linked PFAS exposure to numerous adverse health outcomes:</p><ul><li>Reproductive effects including decreased fertility and increased high blood pressure in pregnant women [8]</li><li>Developmental effects in children such as low birth weight, accelerated puberty, and behavioral changes [8]</li><li>Reduced immune system function, including decreased vaccine response</li><li>Interference with natural hormones and endocrine disruption</li><li>Increased cholesterol levels and obesity risk</li><li>Increased risk of several cancers, including prostate, kidney, testicular, oral cavity/pharynx, brain, and endocrine cancers [3]</li></ul><p>A 2023 study linked PFAS-contaminated water with up to a <strong>33% increase in cancer incidence</strong> in affected areas [3]. The study compared regions with elevated PFAS levels to cancer data from the National Cancer Institute, finding higher incidences of various cancers after controlling for factors like smoking and obesity.</p><h3><strong>Environmental Persistence and Contamination</strong></h3><p>The extreme persistence of PFAS represents a fundamental concern for environmental management. PFAS are considered the most environmentally persistent substances among organic chemicals [7]. This persistence means that even if all PFAS uses were immediately phased out, existing contamination would continue to affect ecosystems and water supplies for generations.</p><p>A 2023 study at a military fire training site estimated that PFAS contamination will persist for centuries without remediation [7]. The research found that terminal PFAS still exceed regulatory limits by 2000-fold decades after aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) use ceased, with precursors accounting for around half of the extractable organofluorine across years.</p><h3><strong>Current Detection Methods</strong></h3><h4><strong>EPA Standardized Methods</strong></h4><p>The<strong> Environmental Protection Agency (EPA</strong>) has developed several standardized methods for PFAS detection, each with specific applications and capabilities:</p><h5><strong>EPA Method 533</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/epa-533-drying-down-pfas-samples-after-spe"><strong>EPA Method 533</strong></a> focuses on "short chain" PFAS with carbon chain lengths of<strong> C4 to C12</strong>. Released in December 2019, this method complements Method 537.1 and includes several key features:</p><ul><li>Uses isotope dilution quantification approach with extracted internal standards, which reduces overall analytical uncertainty</li><li>Employs weak anion exchange solid phase extraction cartridges as opposed to polystyrene divinylbenzene used in 537.1</li><li>Can analyze 25 PFAS compounds, including additional short-chain PFAS that were not apart of Method 537.1</li><li>Allows for longer holding times: 28 days to extraction and 28 days to analyze (compared to 14 days to extraction in Method 537.1)</li><li>Uses ammonium acetate as a preservative (versus Trisma in Method 537.1) [1]</li></ul><h5><strong>EPA Method 537/537.1</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/sample-concentration-epa-method-537-pfas-determination"><strong>EPA Method 537 </strong></a>was first published in 2009 for the determination of 14 PFAS in drinking water [6]. It was later updated to Method 537.1 in 2018 (with editorial updates in 2020) to expand its capabilities:</p><ul><li>Uses<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/what-is-solid-phase-extraction-spe"><strong> solid phase extraction (SPE) </strong></a>and<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/preparing-samples-for-lc-ms/ms-analysis"><strong> liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)</strong></a></li><li>Method 537.1 expanded detection to 18 PFAS compounds, including HFPO-DA (one component of GenX technology)</li><li>Utilizes styrene-divinylbenzene (SDVB) media for extraction</li><li>Requires samples to be extracted within 14 days and analyzed within 28 days</li><li>Methanol is used to elute the extracts. This should then be reconstituted with a 96:4 methanol:water mixture [1]</li></ul><p>Together, Methods 533 and 537.1 can detect a total of <strong>29 unique PFAS compounds in drinking water </strong>and are approved for monitoring under the fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) and the PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation [1] [3].</p><h5><strong>EPA Method 1633</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/preparing-diverse-sample-matrices-for-epa-method-1633"><strong>EPA Method 1633</strong></a>, released in 2024, represents a significant advancement in PFAS analysis:</p><ul><li>Developed for the analysis of <strong>40 PFAS compounds </strong>in various matrices, including surface water, groundwater, wastewater, soil, biosolids, sediment, landfill leachate, and fish tissue</li><li>Expands beyond the drinking water focus of Methods 533 and 537.1</li><li>Provides a standardized approach that may replace modified drinking water methods (i.e., modified EPA 537) that were previously used for non-drinking water matrices [1]</li></ul><h4><strong>Conventional Analytical Techniques</strong></h4><p>The gold standard for PFAS analysis involves chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry:</p><ul><li>Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the most widely used method for PFAS analysis, offering high sensitivity and specificity [1]</li><li>High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) allows for rapid detection and identification of PFAS species at very low concentrations [5]</li></ul><p>These techniques can detect PFAS at parts per trillion (ppt) levels, which is essential given the low concentrations at which PFAS can cause health effects [1]. However, these methods require sophisticated equipment, specialized training, and significant financial resources, making them inaccessible in many regions, particularly in developing countries.</p><h4><strong>Emerging Detection Technologies</strong></h4><p>Several innovative approaches are being developed to address the limitations of conventional methods:</p><ul><li>Electrochemical biosensors using modified electrodes have shown promise for selective PFAS detection with low detection limits [2]</li><li>Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) uses metallic nanoparticles and can be made into a portable method for on-site testing [1]</li><li>Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer thermal and physical stability, reusability, and low-cost synthesis for PFAS detection [6]</li></ul><p>These emerging technologies aim to provide more accessible, field-deployable, and cost-effective alternatives to traditional laboratory-based methods.</p><h3><strong>Challenges in PFAS Detection</strong></h3><h4><strong>Analytical Challenges</strong></h4><p>Detecting PFAS presents several technical challenges:</p><ul><li>The ubiquity of PFAS in laboratory equipment and accessories can lead to background contamination when measuring at parts-per-trillion levels [1]</li><li>Many components in liquid chromatographs, mass spectrometers, and solid-phase extraction systems contain materials that can leach PFAS compounds [9]</li><li>The vast number of PFAS (thousands of compounds) makes comprehensive detection difficult, as analytical standards are only available for a small subset [1]</li><li>Complex matrices like food and environmental samples require sophisticated sample preparation techniques</li></ul><h4><strong>Global Disparities in Detection Capabilities</strong></h4><p>Access to PFAS detection technology varies significantly worldwide:</p><ul><li>Many developing regions, particularly in Africa, lack adequately equipped laboratories with the necessary instrumentation to detect and measure PFAS</li><li>There is often a scarcity of qualified professionals with experience in PFAS analysis in these regions</li><li>The high cost of acquiring and maintaining sophisticated analytical instruments presents a substantial obstacle to conducting extensive PFAS investigations in resource-limited settings [1]</li><li>Competing priorities such as infectious diseases, poverty, and food security often divert attention and resources from environmental pollutants like PFAS</li></ul><h4><strong>Regulatory Landscape and Compliance</strong></h4><p>The regulatory framework for PFAS is evolving rapidly worldwide:</p><ul><li>The EPA finalized Section 8(a)(7) of the Toxic Substances Control Act in September 2024, requiring manufacturers and importers to report on their use of PFAS since 2011 [10]</li><li>Electronic reporting for PFAS will open on July 11, 2025, with final reporting deadlines in 2026</li><li>Companies must report detailed information including chemical identity, production volumes, industrial and consumer products, worker exposure, and disposal methods [10]</li></ul><p>These regulations are driving demand for more effective and accessible PFAS detection methods to ensure compliance and protect public health.</p><h3><strong>Future Directions in PFAS Detection</strong></h3><h4><strong>Technological Advancements</strong></h4><p>The future of PFAS detection lies in developing more accessible, sensitive, and comprehensive methods:</p><ul><li>Non-targeted screening methods that can identify unknown PFAS compounds without requiring analytical standards for each specific compound</li><li>Total fluorine analysis techniques like Adsorbable Organic Fluorine and Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay that can quantify the presence of fluorine atoms within a sample [1]</li><li>Portable sensors and field-deployable technologies that enable on-site monitoring and rapid response to contamination events</li><li>AI-driven solutions that can improve data analysis and interpretation for complex PFAS mixtures</li></ul><h4><strong>Collaborative Approaches</strong></h4><p>Addressing the global challenge of PFAS detection requires coordinated efforts:</p><ul><li>International partnerships between researchers in developed and developing regions to enhance expertise and capacity building</li><li>Standardization of analytical methods to ensure consistency and comparability of results across different laboratories and regions</li><li>Open data sharing and collaboration across countries to leverage collective knowledge and resources</li><li>Integration of PFAS monitoring into broader environmental and public health surveillance systems</li></ul><h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3><p>The detection of PFAS is not merely a technical challenge but a critical public health and environmental imperative [1]. As these "forever chemicals" continue to persist in our environment, developing effective, accessible, and comprehensive detection methods becomes increasingly important. By advancing detection technologies, strengthening regulatory frameworks, and fostering global collaboration, we can better understand, monitor, and ultimately mitigate the impacts of PFAS contamination.</p><p>The EPA's standardized methods (533, 537.1, and 1633) provide crucial tools for monitoring PFAS in various environmental matrices, but continued innovation is needed to address the full spectrum of PFAS compounds and to make detection more accessible globally [1] [6]. The path forward requires sustained investment in research and development, capacity building in resource-limited settings, and a commitment to environmental justice that ensures all communities have access to the tools and information needed to protect themselves from PFAS exposure. Only through such comprehensive approaches can we hope to address the complex challenges posed by these persistent pollutants.</p><p><span>Be sure to check out our other installments of our&nbsp;</span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/introducing-our-environmental-contaminants-series-making-sense-of-the-alphabet-soup"><span>Environmental Contaminant Series</span></a><span>&nbsp;covering&nbsp;</span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/the-importance-of-detecting-persistent-organic-pollutants-pops"><span>Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)</span></a><span>,&nbsp;</span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/the-importance-of-detecting-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-pahs"><span>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)</span></a><span>,&nbsp;</span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/the-importance-of-detecting-semi-volatile-organic-compounds-svocs"><span>Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)</span></a><span>, and </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/the-importance-of-detecting-polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcbs"><span>Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)</span></a><span>.</span></p>

The Importance of Detecting Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

News from LabRulezLCMS Library - Week 36, 2026

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The Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) was established by Act No. 283/1992 Coll. as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. It is set up as a complex of 54 public research institutions.

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Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

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KNAUER AZURA HPLC 862 bar system

With the 862 bar system, you choose the most widespread system solution of the KNAUER AZURA family. We recommend this system for all classical applications and column types, as well as for faster and optimized methods with shorter columns and run times.

<p><strong>With the 862 bar system, you choose the most widespread system solution of the KNAUER AZURA family. We recommend this system for all classical applications and column types, as well as for faster and optimized methods with shorter columns and run times.</strong></p><h3><strong>Key features</strong></h3><div><div><ul><li>The complete solution for your daily HPLC routine. Easily upgradable to an ultra low dispersion chromatography&nbsp;(ULDC) system</li><li>Covers most analytical applications due&nbsp;to optimal continuous working conditions in the range of&nbsp;0.1–4.0&nbsp;ml/min at up to 862 bar&nbsp;</li><li>Use classical HPLC columns just as well as fast analysis columns packed with 3 µm particles or even core shell materials</li><li>Typical applications include food, pharmaceutical and environmental analyses</li></ul></div></div><div><div><p><strong>Choose this system for reliable and robust analyses!</strong></p><p>If you are looking for higher speed, high sample throughput or highest peak resolution, take a look at the<strong> KNAUER AZURA UHPLC systems</strong>.</p><h3><strong>Specifications</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Back pressure range:&nbsp;</strong>862 bar max. at up to 2 ml/min, 400 bar at up to 10 ml/min</li><li><strong>Flow rate range: </strong>0.001–10 ml/min</li><li><strong>Recommended continuous flow rate: </strong>Up to 5 ml/min</li><li><strong>Available pump systems: </strong>Isocratic/Binary HPG/Quaternary LPG</li><li><strong>Biocompatibility: </strong>Optionally available for backpressure range up to 400 bar</li><li><strong>Injection options: </strong>Autosampler, Liquid handler, manual, automatted via electrical injection valve</li><li><strong>Injection volume range: </strong>0.1 µl–5000 µl depending on sample loop</li><li><strong>Sample capacity: </strong>108 standard HPLC vials (1.5 ml) or up to 768 positions when equipped with microtiter plates, with liquid handler up to 390 HPLC vials</li><li><strong>Column thermostatting range:</strong> 5–85 °C</li><li><strong>Eluent preheating: </strong>Optional cartridge for eluent pre-heating</li><li><strong>Column switching options: </strong>Optional switching between up to 8 columns</li><li><strong>Choice of detectors:</strong> DAD 190–700 nm, DAD 190–1000 nm, RID, UVD, MWD, FLD, ELSD, MS</li><li><strong>Choice of software packages:</strong> ClarityChrom® CDS, OpenLAB® CDS EZChrom Edition, Mobile Control, Chromeleon™ 7.2</li><li><strong>Environmental impact:</strong> Green production, efficient operation, durability and reparability ensure a low environmental impact. The top-selling of our KNAUER 862 bar sytems have now been certified with the ACT environmental impact ecolabel issued by My Green Lab and achieved top scores.</li></ul><h3><strong>System components</strong></h3><p>By choosing the best fitting alternatives to your special application task, the AZURA system adapts to your needs. Get more information and data sheets about every single component by clicking the "View all" button.</p><h4><strong>Eluent delivery</strong></h4><h5><strong>Binary high-pressure gradient (HPG) pump system</strong></h5><p>The AZURA® P 6.1L binary pump contains two identical high pressure pumps, a 2×2-channel inlet solvent selection valve and the low-volume AZURA® mixer. The integrated degasser and AZURA® inline filter are completing this analytical AZURA® P 6.1L HPLC pump and turn it into a work horse in the lab. Active pulsation compensation significantly improves detection limits of trace components by reducing fluctuation of the baseline.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Kanuer_KNAUER_AZURA_HPLC_862_bar_system_Binary_high_pressure_gradient_HPG_pump_97332eb114.jpg" alt="Kanuer: KNAUER AZURA HPLC 862 bar system - Binary high-pressure gradient (HPG) pump" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Kanuer_KNAUER_AZURA_HPLC_862_bar_system_Binary_high_pressure_gradient_HPG_pump_97332eb114.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="669"></p><h5><strong>Quaternary low-pressure gradient (LPG) pump system</strong></h5><p>The AZURA® P 6.1L quaternary pump contains one high pressure pump and an integrated LPG mixing block with a 4-channel inlet solvent selection valve and a low-dwell volume AZURA® mixer. The integrated degasser and AZURA® inline filter are completing this analytical AZURA® P 6.1L HPLC pump and turn it into a work horse in the lab. The AZURA® mixer combines high mixing performance with a low dead volume. The user-changeable mixer is available in different volumes (50/100/200/400/600 μl) allowing best possible adaption to any application.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_HPLC_862_bar_system_Quaternary_low_pressure_gradient_LPG_pump_system_e7a5dd7a5b.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA HPLC 862 bar system - Quaternary low-pressure gradient (LPG) pump system" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_HPLC_862_bar_system_Quaternary_low_pressure_gradient_LPG_pump_system_e7a5dd7a5b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="594"></p><h5><strong>Isocratic pump system</strong></h5><p>The AZURA® P 6.1L isocratic pump is the easiest solution and can be applied, whenever an isocratic run is needed. It completes systems with refractive index detector. The isocratic pump comes in a very cost effective version or in a more sophisticated version with degasser and solvent selection valves for switching between different eluents. Chose between specialised pump heads for reversed phase and normal phase applications.</p><h4><strong>Sample Injection</strong></h4><h5><strong>Autosampler</strong></h5><p>The&nbsp;autosampler <strong>AZURA AS 6.1L</strong> can inject from up to 768 positions when equipped with microtiter plates or from up to 108 standard 2 ml sample vials. It&nbsp;is equipped with an ILD<sup>TM</sup> valve, consisting of a rotor-stator combination with a central port for depressurizing the sample loop before receiving the sample. This way, the sample is not diluted with solvent. A cooling/heating option (4–40 °C) is optionally available.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - autosampler AZURA AS 6.1L 1240&nbsp;bar" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="780"></p><h5><strong>Liquid handler</strong></h5><p>The <strong>Liquid handler LH 8.1 </strong>offers automatic sample preparation to speed up your workflow. No sample loss and high precision injection of small and large sample volumes are provided. High-throughput with up to 4 robotic coolers with&nbsp;max. of 24 racks for up to 390 HPLC vials or well plates. Washing station with two different wash solvents minimizes carry-over. Flexibility of modules and functions according to your needs.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_AZURA_Liquid_Handler1_cb4a4e1a48.jpeg" alt="Knauer: AZURA - Liquid Handler" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_AZURA_Liquid_Handler1_cb4a4e1a48.jpeg 180w," sizes="100vw" width="1274" height="1105"></p><h5><strong>Manual injection valve</strong></h5><p>KNAUER Manual injection valves V 4.1 are the easiest and most cost- effective way to inject your sample. Equippable with different sample loops, the manual injection valve can be used for a wide range of injection volumes.</p><h5><strong>Electrically driven injection valve</strong></h5><p>Whenever you need higher reproducibility and want to get user-independent results, a manual injection valve can be upgraded to an electrically switching injection valve using the <strong>KNAUER smart valve drive VU 4.1</strong>. The sample can still be applied manually, but the injection into the HPLC system is automatted.</p><h4><strong>Column selection and thermostat</strong></h4><h5><strong>Column thermostat</strong></h5><p>The <strong>forced air column thermostat</strong><i> </i><strong>AZURA CT 2.1</strong> is capable of heating or cooling from 5 to 85 °C. The powerful fan and robust peltier element keep the column at a very stable temperature, thus allowing reproducible analysis results.&nbsp;Optional eluent preheating cartridges can be installed.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Column selection and thermostat" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Column_selection_and_thermostat_567c35ab61.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1700" height="881"></p><h5><strong>Column switching valves</strong></h5><p><strong>KNAUER valves V&nbsp;4.1</strong>&nbsp;and the <strong>KNAUER valve drive VU 4.1&nbsp;</strong>are designed for a wide range of chromatographic applications. Flexibility is provided by choice of different materials and sizes as well as drivers for various software packages.</p><h4><strong>Detection</strong></h4><h5><strong>Diode array detectors (DAD or PDA)</strong></h5><p>The AZURA Diode array detectors (DAD)&nbsp;are high-end diode array detectors with a wavelength range from 190–1000 nm for the <strong>AZURA DAD 6.1L</strong> and 190–700 nm for the <strong>AZURA DAD 2.1L</strong>. The intelligent temperature management of both devices enables fast operational readiness after startup. It also minimizes baseline drift. Due to the frontally accessible deuterium and halogen lamp, the device is easy to service.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - AZURA DAD 6.1L Diode array detectors (DAD or PDA)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="387"></p><h5><strong>Mass Detector for MS/MS</strong></h5><p>The <strong>SCIEX Triple Quad™ 4500 MS/MS</strong> system offers superior quantitative performance with high sensitivity combined with excellent robustness and long-term stability. Designed for food, environmental, forensic and clinical research, this MS/MS system enables test development for even the most demanding applications.</p><ul><li>Workhorse triple quad mass spectrometer for dependable everyday use&nbsp;</li><li>High sensitivity for food and environmental contaminant screening and target quantitation</li><li>High scan speed for reliable quantitation of sharp UHPLC peaks</li><li>Simple and fast data processing powered by SCIEX OS software</li></ul><h5><strong>Variable or multiple wavelength detectors (MWD or VWD)</strong></h5><p>The <strong>AZURA MWD 2.1L</strong> is an 8 channel, sensitive multiwavelength detector combining high performance with easy handling at an affordable price. The newly developed optical unit and intelligent temperature management ensure for maximum sensitivity combined with minimal baseline drift.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>UV/VIS detectors with single variable wavelength</strong></h5><p>The UV/VIS Detector <strong>AZURA UVD 2.1L</strong> is a competitively priced HPLC spectrophotometer for routine HPLC applications including fast LC methods.&nbsp;It comes with an installed deuterium lamp which covers a wavelength range from 190 to 750 nm.&nbsp;Due to a smart design the flow cell is easily accessible and can be changed very quickly.&nbsp;</p><h5><strong>Refractive index detection (RI)</strong></h5><p>The <strong>AZURA RID 2.1L</strong> is a sensitive and competitively priced differential refractometer. It is suitable for detecting compounds with little or no UV activity such as alcohols, sugars, lipids or polymers.&nbsp;The intelligently designed optical unit with advanced temperature control ensures high sensitivity, fast baseline stabilization, and excellent reproducibility. The wide linear dynamic range, its low internal volume of 43 µl from the inlet to the flow cell and 10 ml/min maximum flow rate make the AZURA RID 2.1L the perfect choice for most laboratory tasks.&nbsp;</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_L_Refractive_index_detection_RI_8cd15bf26d.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - AZURA RID 2.1L Refractive index detection (RI)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_RID_2_1_L_Refractive_index_detection_RI_8cd15bf26d.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="387"></p><h5><strong>Fluorescence detection (FLD)</strong></h5><p>The fluorescence detectors <strong>RF-20A </strong>and <strong>RF-20Axs</strong> provide&nbsp;world-class sensitivity, excellent maintainability and diverse validation / support functions. They&nbsp;support&nbsp;a wide range of applications in the wavelength range of 200 to 750 nm for the RF-20Axs and 200 to 650 nm for the RF-20A from conventional analysis to high-performance analysis.</p><h5><strong>Evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD)&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>As an universal detector, an <strong>ELSD </strong>offers numerous possibilities for detecting substances that have few or no chromophores. Since the eluents are evaporated, the use of non-UV-compatible solvents poses no problems and the ELSD is gradient compatible. KNAUER offers different models for different application tasks.</p><h4><strong>Software solutions</strong></h4><h5><strong>Mobile Control</strong></h5><p>The Mobile Control is an intuitive and cost-effective software solution for controlling and monitoring your AZURA devices and systems. The clear system overview provides instant information on key parameters and system status. Adjust and operate single devices or even whole systems with a few fingertips.&nbsp;The well-structured block programming assists you to clearly and quickly automate device control. A smart user management makes the Mobile Control safe. Device parameters can only be changed by authorized operators.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Mobile_Control_software_2052b3ed77.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA Educational HPLC System - Mobile Control software" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_Educational_HPLC_System_Mobile_Control_software_2052b3ed77.jpg 241w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="830"></p><h5><strong>ClarityChrom® CDS</strong></h5><p>ClarityChrom is an easy-to-use chromatography data system for workstations. The optional control extensions for GC, PDA and GPC allow to use the software for a wide range of applications.</p><h5><strong>OpenLAB® CDS EZChrom Edition</strong></h5><p>Basic Workstation license, includes System Suitability, Fraction Collector Control and Software Maintenance Agreement</p><h5><strong>Chromeleon™ 7.2</strong></h5><p>Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Chromeleon™ is one of the most wide-spread chromatography data systems. Its intuitive handling benefits laboratory workflow and the highly developed algorithms simplify data processing. It offers a broad range of third-party drivers and can be easily used with existing HPLC systems. KNAUER offers drivers for a lot of its devices.&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Application-based systems</strong></h4><h5><strong>HPLC System for Food Analysis</strong></h5><p>Analytical HPLC system with an extended maximum pressure of up to 862 bar diod array detection (DAD)</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Kanuer_AZURA_HPLC_System_for_Food_Analysis_2ac3e3351d.webp" alt="Kanuer: AZURA - HPLC System for Food Analysis" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Kanuer_AZURA_HPLC_System_for_Food_Analysis_2ac3e3351d.webp 186w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="1075"></p><h5><strong>Cannabis Profiler</strong></h5><p>HPLC System for cannabis potency testing (THC and CBD) according to the German Pharmacopoeia (DAB). System for quick and easy determination of six cannabinoids.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_AZURA_C_Annabis_Profiler_e76b10f720.webp" alt="Knauer: AZURA - Cannabis Profiler" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_AZURA_C_Annabis_Profiler_e76b10f720.webp 186w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="1075"></p><h5><strong>System for the analysis of aflatoxins</strong></h5><p>System for determination designed for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 in food and feed, such as penuts, corn and cottonseed.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_AZURA_System_for_the_analysis_of_aflatoxins_fe91f2ad54.webp" alt="Knauer: AZURA - System for the analysis of aflatoxins" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_AZURA_System_for_the_analysis_of_aflatoxins_fe91f2ad54.webp 156w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="1280"></p><p>&nbsp;</p></div></div>

KNAUER ULDC system AZURA 862 (BP and DAD)

ULDC system AZURA 862 with binary HPG pump and 3D diode array detector. ULDC (ultra low dispersion chromatography) system proposal.

<p><strong>The new ULDC (ultra low dispersion chromatography)&nbsp;system&nbsp;meets the enormous requirements that are essential to minimize extra column volume and thus peak dispersion.</strong></p><ul><li><strong>Ultra low dispersion volume</strong> due to optimized injection, flow and detection components</li><li>Conventional method (also gradient) can directly be transfered to ULDC system without any adaptations</li><li><strong>Sharper early-eluting peaks</strong> generate better sensitivities and resolution</li></ul><h4><strong>Eluent delivery</strong></h4><p>The Pump&nbsp;P6.1L with a HPG configuration features a solvent <strong>selection valve to set up to 4 solvents</strong> to the system of which two can be blended simultaneously. The internal degassing unit will prevent air bubbles in the system. Every P 6.1L comes with an attached mixing chamber, which can be changed to a larger volume depending on the applications needs.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_High_pressure_gradient_HPLC_pump_AZURA_P_6_1_L_High_Pressure_Pump_with_10_ml_pump_head_stainless_steel_b7d7d07d6c.jpg" alt="Knauer: High pressure gradient HPLC pump - AZURA P 6.1L High Pressure Pump with 10 ml pump head, stainless steel" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_High_pressure_gradient_HPLC_pump_AZURA_P_6_1_L_High_Pressure_Pump_with_10_ml_pump_head_stainless_steel_b7d7d07d6c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="627"></p><h4><strong>Sample Injection</strong></h4><p>The Autosampler 6.1L can inject <strong>0.1 – 5000 µl</strong> to have a large flexibility. Using standard vials or two microtiter plates will give you a maximum sample capacity of <strong>up to 768 samples or 108 vials</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Column thermostating</strong></h4><p>The Column thermostat&nbsp;CT 2.1&nbsp;is suitable for column <strong>thermostatization above and below room temperature</strong>. The instrument operates with a microprocessor controlled Peltier element for exact temperature settings.</p><h4><strong>Chromatography data system</strong></h4><p><strong>KNAUER ClarityChrom®</strong> is a powerful, yet easy-to-use chromatography software for instrument control, data acquisition and data processing. It is an economical solution compared to other more complex chromatography software while still offering <strong>FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliance</strong>.</p><h4><strong>Detection&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>The detector<strong>&nbsp;DAD 2.1L features</strong> a novel light path and flow cell architecture with improved handling and excellent performance. This Diode array detector can be used in the wavelength range of 190-700 nm.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg" alt="Knauer: KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - AZURA DAD 6.1L Diode array detectors (DAD or PDA)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_AZURA_DAD_6_1_L_Diode_array_detectors_DAD_or_PDA_919e55c936.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="387"></p><h4><strong>This AZURA ULDC system can be customized with several detectors:</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>The diode array detector DAD 6.1L</strong> covers all conceivable applications with a spectral range of 190-1000 nm. With its novel light path and optimized flow cells, it is one of the most powerful devices on the market.</li><li><strong>The detector&nbsp;MWD 2.1L</strong> is an 8 channel, sensitive multiwavelength detector combining high performance with easy handling at an affordable price. This multiwavelength detector can be used in the wavelength range of 190-700 nm.</li><li><strong>The&nbsp;variable single wavelength UV/VIS detector&nbsp;UVD 2.1L</strong> comes with an installed deuterium lamp which covers a wavelength range from 190 to 750 nm. It is a competitively priced detector for routine HPLC applications including fast LC <span style="font-size:12px;">methods</span>.</li></ul><p>Customized configurations like combinations of several detectors are also available. Every AZURA 862 HPLC system can easily be upgraded to ULDC and it is not necessary to purchase a UHPLC system with higher back pressure capabilities.</p><h3><strong>Key Features</strong></h3><div><div><div><ul><li>Ultra sharp peaks</li><li>Maximum separation power</li><li>Ultra low extra column volume</li><li>Better performance than HPLC</li></ul><h3><strong>Technical Data</strong></h3><h4><strong>Analytical system</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Application area:</strong> UHPLC, HPLC</li><li><strong>Pump system:</strong> Gradient</li><li><strong>Gradient:</strong> Binary HPG</li><li><strong>Injection: </strong>Autosampler</li><li><strong>Detector: </strong>Diode array detection DAD</li><li><strong>Software: </strong>ClarityChrom, Mobile Control</li><li><strong>Pressure: </strong>862 bar</li><li><strong>Column thermostat: </strong>Yes</li></ul><h3><strong>Included components</strong></h3><h4><strong>AZURA Eluent tray E 2.1L</strong></h4><p>AZURA® Eluent tray E 2.1L for AZURA® devices with a capacity of 6 x 1 l bottles or 4 x 2.5 l bottles or 2 x 5 l bottles, (delivery without bottles)</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_AZURA_Eluent_tray_E_2_1_L_Eluent_tray_for_up_to_6_x_1000_ml_bottles_delivery_without_bottles_or_4_x_2_5_l_bottles_or_2_x_5_l_bottles_or_1_x_10_l_bottle_da9c964bad.jpg" alt="Knauer: AZURA Eluent tray E 2.1L - Eluent tray for up to 6 x 1000 ml bottles, (delivery without bottles), or 4 x 2.5 l bottles, or 2 x 5 l bottles, or 1 x 10 l bottle" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_AZURA_Eluent_tray_E_2_1_L_Eluent_tray_for_up_to_6_x_1000_ml_bottles_delivery_without_bottles_or_4_x_2_5_l_bottles_or_2_x_5_l_bottles_or_1_x_10_l_bottle_da9c964bad.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="540"></p><h4><strong>Set of eluent supply bottles for HPG and LPG systems incl. bottle for piston backflushing</strong></h4><p>Set of 4 eluent bottles 1000 ml, 1 bottle 250 ml for piston backflushing, incl. closed caps, GL45 use with AZURA tubing kit</p><h4><strong>High pressure gradient HPLC pump</strong></h4><p>AZURA® Pump P 6.1L (HPG), with 10 ml pump head (stainless steel), degasser and mixer (400 µl)</p><ul><li>Max. flow rate : 10 ml/min</li><li>Pump head materials : Stainless Steel &nbsp;Gradient : High pressure gradient (binary)</li><li>Pump features : Active pulsation compensation, RFID for automatic pump head detection, Integrated pressure sensor, Purge valve (manual), Leak management, Piston seal wash</li><li>Maximum delivery pressure [MPa] : 86 MPa</li></ul><h4><strong>Fast and versatile analytical HPLC autosampler</strong></h4><p>AZURA® Autosampler AS 6.1L analytical HPLC autosampler, 862 bar</p><ul><li>Maximum back pressure: 862 bar</li><li>Sample loop: 100 µl</li><li>Sample tray cooling: None</li><li>Autosampler Flow Path: Analytical</li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg" alt="Knauer KNAUER AZURA 1240 bar UHPLC System - autosampler AZURA AS 6.1L 1240&nbsp;bar" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_KNAUER_AZURA_1240_bar_UHPLC_System_autosampler_AZURA_AS_6_1_L_1240_bar_ff1ac03e70.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="780"></p><h4><strong>Column thermostat for up to 8 HPLC columns</strong></h4><p>Column thermostat AZURA CT 2.1 for constant temperatures and reproducible results</p><ul><li>Temperature range : 5–85 °C</li></ul><h4><strong>Basic Diode Array Detector for Liquid Chromatography and Process Technology</strong></h4><p>AZURA® Detector DAD 2.1L Diode array detector DAD 2.1L without flow cell 190 - 700 nm, incl. test cell</p><ul><li>Detector type: Diode array detector</li><li>Detection channels: 8 (Digital)/4 (Analog)</li><li>Wavelength range: 190 - 700 nm</li><li>Number of diodes: 256</li><li>Linearity: &gt; 2.0 AU at 274 nm (ASTM E1657-98)</li></ul><h4><strong>Standard KNAUER LightGuide UV Flow Cell Cartridge</strong></h4><p>10 mm path length, 2µl, 1/16", 50 bar, LightGuide Flow cell cartridge for AZURA® Detector DAD/MWD</p><ul><li>Flow cell type: Analytical UV flow cell</li><li>Path length: 10 mm</li><li>Capillary connection: 1/16''</li><li>Max. flow rate: 5 ml/min</li><li>Flow cell volume: 2 µl</li></ul><h4><strong>Start-Up Kit with flexible, precut capillaries for analytical UHPLC and ULDC systems with 1/16" connections</strong></h4><p>Set of precut capillaries, fittings, connectors and adapters</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Start_Up_Kit_with_flexible_precut_capillaries_for_analytical_UHPLC_and_ULDC_systems_with_1_16_connections_3e479ace7e.jpg" alt="Knauer: Start-Up Kit with flexible, precut capillaries for analytical UHPLC and ULDC systems with 1-16 connections" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Start_Up_Kit_with_flexible_precut_capillaries_for_analytical_UHPLC_and_ULDC_systems_with_1_16_connections_3e479ace7e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1280" height="435"></p><h4><strong>Tool kit AZURA</strong></h4><p>Tool Kit AZURA® for systems with PEEK or pre-cut capillary kits</p><h4><strong>8-port GBit switch for connection of AZURA devices with a PC</strong></h4><p>8-port LAN GBit switch NetGear GS108GE, 8x RJ-45, GBit, Auto MDI-X, power plug UK, US or AUS</p><h4><strong>ClarityChrom 9.1.0 - Workstation, autosampler control included</strong></h4><p>ClarityChrom® single instrument license for one time base</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Knauer_Clarity_Chrom_Workstation_7ed6c2cb72.jpg" alt="Knauer: ClarityChrom Workstation" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Knauer_Clarity_Chrom_Workstation_7ed6c2cb72.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="839" height="495"></p><h4><strong>ClarityChrom 9.1.0 - PDA extension</strong></h4><p>ClarityChrom® option for PDA data processing</p><h4><strong>Eluent waste kit for AZURA Analytical systems</strong></h4><p>Eluent waste kit for all AZURA Analytical systems, incl. filter, waste can and cap.</p></div></div></div>

Products from category HPLC distributed by KNAUER - page 1

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