Czech researchers from Charles University, Prague, led by Pavla Eliášová, have developed an advanced photocathode that helps convert the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into pure ethanol using sunlight. The new technology solves a long-standing problem of material degradation in water, achieves record conversion efficiency, and opens the way toward sustainable production of green fuels.Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into useful fuels using solar energy represents the holy grail of modern green chemistry. The device enabling this conversion is called a solar reactor. Its key element is a photocathode: a material that absorbs light and enables the chemical reaction. Cuprous oxide long appeared to be an ideal material because it is inexpensive, readily available, and excels at capturing solar rays. In practice, however, it faced a fundamental obstacle: in an aqueous environment under light, it transforms and degrades extremely rapidly—much like iron undergoing swift corrosion—and loses its functionality within just tens of minutes.The team from the Chemistry Section of the Faculty of Science, CU, led by Pavla Eliášová, in collaboration with Tomáš Hrbek from the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, CU, resolved this issue by creating a unique "nano-sandwich". The scientists combined cuprous oxide with advanced two-dimensional materials called MXenes and, through precisely controlled heating, created an ultrathin layer of titanium dioxide on their surface. MXene modified in this way can rapidly drain electric charge from the cuprous oxide, thereby slowing down its decomposition. At the same time, it uses the charge further to convert carbon dioxide into liquid fuel."Surface-engineered MXene combined with cuprous oxide allowed us to unite the best of both materials. The copper base enables maximum utilization of light energy, while the conductive MXene framework ensures that the material remains active even after many hours of operation," explains research team leader Pavla Eliášová from the Chemistry Section of the Faculty of Science, Charles University.In laboratory tests, the new photocathode achieved a record solar-energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency of 2,74 %. A crucial improvement is the formation of only a single product. While other systems often produce a mixture of byproducts, the material designed by the research team produces pure ethanol as its sole liquid product, which significantly simplifies its potential industrial application."This is a major step forward for us. On our laboratory scale, the system works very well and produces ethanol over many hours. In the next step, we want to further reinforce the stability of the entire photocathode and begin testing on a larger scale and under real daylight conditions," adds physical chemist Pavla Eliášová.The research was conducted within the international European project DESIRED (Horizon Europe), with support from the Charles University Research Centre (UNCE) and the L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science program.<blockquote><h4>Article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.71469">Surface-Engineered Ti3C2Tx MXene/Cu2O Photocathodes for Highly Selective Photoelectrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Ethanol</a></h4>Luis A. M. Carrascosa, Magdaléna Linková, Monika Remzová, Tomáš Hrbek, Pavla EliášováAdv. Energy Mater., 2026, 16, e71469<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.71469">https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.71469</a><h6>licenced under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>Cu2O is an inexpensive p-type semiconductor that promotes the photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (PEC CO2RR). While its low bandgap enables photoexcitation by visible light, long-term stability remains limited due to quick charge recombination and photocorrosion. Here, we enhanced charge separation and extraction by combining Cu2O with surface-engineered MXenes. In this novel architecture, TiO2 grows in situ on the surface of Ti3C2Tx and serves as a charge-transport layer, forming a junction with Cu2O. On the other side, the outer TiO2 surface exposed to the CO2-saturated electrolyte offers catalytically active sites for CO2 reduction. Acting as a central layer, the MXene conductive backbone provides an electronically continuous pathway for electron transport. In PEC CO2RR, the photocathode containing 50 wt.% of MXene and a balanced amount of TiO2 on the Ti3C2 surface outperformed the best Cu/CuxO-based systems operating in non-organic electrolytes reported in the literature. The FTO/Cu2O/ml-Ti3C2Tx-350-N2 photocathode reached 8.4&nbsp;µmol&nbsp;cm−2 h−1 ethanol production rate and 2.74% solar-to-ethanol efficiency after 2&nbsp;h. Moreover, pairing TiO2-MXene with Cu2O significantly stabilized the photocathode, which maintained 76% of the ethanol production rate after 6 h. Overall, our results establish surface-engineered Cu2O/TiO2-MXene heterostructures as a solid platform for highly selective, visible-light-driven ethanol production with significantly improved operational stability.

Researchers from Charles University, Prague, Have Developed a New Photocathode for Efficient Conversion of CO2 into Ethanol

News from LabRulezLCMS Library - Week 42, 2026

Autumn has already turned the leaves into vibrant shades, and with the end of the year approaching, we would like to thank you - before the first snowflakes arrive - for your trust, cooperation, and continued interest in our products and services.As a long-standing distributor of Thermo Scientific Finnpipette products, we know that the accuracy and reliability of laboratory results often begin with seemingly small details. Choosing the right pipette and tip is one of the first steps toward a successful analysis.That is why we have prepared an EXCLUSIVE offer to help you replenish your laboratory supplies at a more attractive price, while also thanking you for your continued cooperation and trust.<blockquote>EXCLUSIVE OFFER valid until the end of 2026<ul><li>10% off tips</li><li>10% off pipettes</li></ul>Enter the code “KAŠTANY” in your order or include it in your order e-mail.*For larger orders, an additional discount may be available.</blockquote><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_pipety_a_spicky_thermo_20c5943161.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Scientific Pipettes and Tips" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_pipety_a_spicky_thermo_20c5943161.jpg 146w," sizes="100vw" width="1500" height="1605"><h4>LIMITED OFFER WHILE STOCKS LAST</h4><h5>Everything ages. Precision remains.</h5>Finnpipette tips are proof of that.<h4>Tip Offer</h4><h5>FT 200 FLEX Tips</h5><ul><li>Code: L94060320</li><li>Pack size: 1,000 pcs</li><li>LOT: 20165B0</li><li>EXP: 20 June 2025</li><li>Price: CZK 1,761 (30% discount)</li></ul><h5>FT 1000 Tips</h5><ul><li>Code: L9401070</li><li>Pack size: 200 pcs/box</li><li>LOT: 20346A0</li><li>EXP: 20 December 2025</li><li>Price: CZK 464 (30% discount)</li></ul><h5>Labtip Blue Tips</h5><ul><li>Code: L94300250</li><li>Pack size: 60 pcs/rack</li><li>LOT: 21104B2</li><li>EXP: 20 April 2026</li><li>Price: CZK 206 (20% discount)</li></ul><h5>FT Filter Sterile 10 µL Tips</h5><ul><li>Code: L94052100</li><li>Pack size: 10 × 96 pcs/rack</li><li>LOT: 21136B1</li><li>EXP: 20 May 2026</li><li>Price: CZK 3,740 (20% discount)</li></ul><h4>Types of Thermo Fisher Scientific Pipette Tips</h4><h5>FILTERED</h5><ul><li>help prevent aerosol contamination,</li><li>suitable for PCR and critical samples.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_s_filtrem_4eb500736e.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Filtered Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_s_filtrem_4eb500736e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="120"><h5>NON-FILTERED</h5><ul><li>economical and high quality,</li><li>suitable for routine samples.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_bez_filtru_eea16c4ae1.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Non-Filtered Tips" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_bez_filtru_eea16c4ae1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="442" height="147"><h5>EXTENDED-LENGTH</h5><ul><li>allow deeper access while helping reduce contamination risk,</li><li>suitable for tissue culture, media preparation, and tall laboratory vessels.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_prodlouzene_2005b4125f.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Extended-Length Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_prodlouzene_2005b4125f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="407" height="118"><h5>MICRO</h5><ul><li>improve accuracy for low-volume samples and support efficient sample transfer,</li><li>suitable for critical and valuable samples and low-volume pipetting.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_micro_9b5879704a.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Micro Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_micro_9b5879704a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="435" height="115"><h5>MACRO</h5><ul><li>improve accuracy when working with larger sample volumes,</li><li>can serve as an alternative to serological pipettes.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_macro_8fb12684a7.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Macro Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_macro_8fb12684a7.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="395" height="121"><h5>WIDE-BORE</h5><ul><li>the wide opening helps prevent cell lysis and improves accuracy when working with viscous solutions,</li><li>suitable for cell handling, macromolecular structures such as DNA, and highly viscous solutions.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_siroky_otvor_9d6ad5537e.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Wide-Bore Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_siroky_otvor_9d6ad5537e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="397" height="127">

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The main mission of the Faculty of Science is to create highly qualified experts in biology, chemistry, geography, geology and in other interdisciplinary fields. Its scientific and research effort aims to solve key problems concerned with the development of human society. Some of the priority long-term subjects are human health, the study of the function and prediction of the development of ecosystems and the biosphere, and the development of environmentally-friendly materials based on the utilization of renewable resources.

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Waters Xevo MRT P10 QTof Mass Spectrometer

Ultra-fast HRMS with MRT technology delivering up to 20× higher MS/MS sensitivity, 200 Hz acquisition speed, and exceptional performance for multiomics and imaging applications.

The Waters Xevo MRT P10 Mass Spectrometer is a next-generation high-resolution accurate mass system built on revolutionary Multi-Reflecting Time-of-Flight (MRT) technology. Combining exceptional sensitivity, ultrafast acquisition speed, and outstanding mass accuracy, it establishes a new benchmark for both research and routine analytical laboratories.Delivering up to 20-fold higher MS/MS sensitivity compared with the previous Xevo MRT platform, the system enables confident detection and quantification of low-abundance compounds in highly complex matrices. With acquisition rates of up to 100 Hz in MS mode and 200 Hz in MS/MS mode, the Xevo MRT P10 captures comprehensive analytical information without compromising mass accuracy or resolution.Advanced acquisition capabilities, including state-of-the-art DDA, DIA, and SONAR Pulse Acquisition Mode, provide deeper analytical insight, improved precursor specificity, and enhanced workflow flexibility for proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, spatial biology, and other multiomics applications.Combined with the waters_connect™ Software Platform, the system supports seamless conversion to mzML format and straightforward integration into existing analytical and bioinformatics workflows.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Revolutionary Multi-Reflecting Time-of-Flight (MRT) technology</li><li>Up to 20× higher MS/MS sensitivity than Xevo MRT</li><li>Up to 100,000 FWHM mass resolution</li><li>MS acquisition rates up to 100 Hz</li><li>MS/MS acquisition rates up to 200 Hz</li><li>Outstanding mass accuracy and isotopic fidelity</li><li>Advanced DDA and DIA acquisition modes</li><li>SONAR Pulse Acquisition Mode</li><li>Hybrid targeted and untargeted acquisition workflows</li><li>Deep proteome, lipidome, and metabolome coverage</li><li>Suitable for single-cell analysis</li><li>Direct mzML data export</li><li>waters_connect™ software integration</li><li>Compact benchtop design</li><li>Compatible with DESI XS imaging workflows</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Mass Analyzer</h4><ul><li>Technology: Multi-Reflecting Time-of-Flight (MRT)</li><li>System type: High-Resolution Accurate Mass (HRAM)</li></ul><h4>Performance</h4><ul><li>Mass resolution: up to 100,000 FWHM</li><li>Mass accuracy: high accuracy in both MS and MS/MS</li><li>Isotopic fidelity: high-quality isotope pattern accuracy</li></ul><h4>Data Acquisition</h4><ul><li>MS acquisition speed: up to 100 Hz</li><li>MS/MS acquisition speed: up to 200 Hz</li><li>Data-Dependent Acquisition (DDA)</li><li>Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA)</li><li>SONAR Pulse Acquisition Mode</li><li>Hybrid targeted and untargeted acquisition</li></ul><h4>Software</h4><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1544">waters_connect™ Software Platform</a></li><li>mzML export support</li><li>Bioinformatics workflow integration</li><li>Advanced data processing capabilities</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4><ul><li>Proteomics</li><li>Lipidomics</li><li>Metabolomics</li><li>Multiomics research</li><li>Single-cell analysis</li><li>Biomarker discovery</li><li>Pharmaceutical research</li><li>Translational medicine</li><li>Food analysis</li><li>Environmental testing</li><li>Mass spectrometry imaging</li></ul><h4>Imaging Applications</h4><ul><li>Compatible with DESI XS Source</li><li>High-resolution molecular imaging</li><li>Acquisition speeds up to 200 Hz</li><li>Up to 100,000 FWHM resolution</li></ul>

Waters Cyclic IMS P20 Mass Spectrometer

Cyclic IMS P20 combines high-resolution ion mobility, native MS, and imaging capabilities for detailed structural characterization of complex biological samples.

The Waters Cyclic IMS P20 Mass Spectrometer is a next-generation ion mobility-enabled mass spectrometry platform designed to reveal molecular structure with greater confidence by combining high-resolution cyclic ion mobility separation with accurate mass analysis. The system resolves co-eluting, isomeric, and isobaric species, providing deeper structural insight into complex biological samples.Built for advanced research applications, the Cyclic IMS P20 supports proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, native mass spectrometry, and mass spectrometry imaging workflows. Multi-pass ion mobility separations, Wideband Enhancement (WBE), and advanced fragmentation technologies provide exceptional analytical depth and sensitivity.The platform supports MALDI XS and DESI XS imaging workflows, enabling high-confidence spatial analysis and molecular visualization. Additional capabilities including CIU, HDX, ECD, and SID make the system ideally suited for investigating biomolecular structure, stability, dynamics, and intermolecular interactions.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_Cyclic_IMS_P20_Mass_Spectrometer_with_MALDI_XS_and_DESI_XS_1a6ac479a1.jpg" alt="Waters: Cyclic IMS P20 Mass Spectrometer with MALDI XS and DESI XS" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_Cyclic_IMS_P20_Mass_Spectrometer_with_MALDI_XS_and_DESI_XS_1a6ac479a1.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"><h3>Key Features</h3><ul><li>High-resolution Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry</li><li>Separation of isomeric, isobaric, and co-eluting species</li><li>Multi-pass ion mobility separation</li><li>Wideband Enhancement (WBE) technology</li><li>Up to 10× improvement in MS/MS sensitivity</li><li>Advanced native MS capabilities</li><li>Dynamic Field Declustering (DFD)</li><li>Quadrupole mass selection up to 32,000 m/z</li><li>Extended mass range beyond 100,000 m/z</li><li>Electron Capture Dissociation (ECD)</li><li>Surface-Induced Dissociation (SID)</li><li>Integrated Collision-Induced Unfolding (CIU)</li><li>Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange (HDX) workflows</li><li>MALDI XS and DESI XS imaging support</li><li>Automated CCS calibration</li><li>Intuitive software environment</li><li>Modular and future-proof platform</li></ul><h3>Technical Specifications</h3><h4>Technology</h4><ul><li>Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry (Cyclic IMS)</li><li>Orthogonal Acceleration Time-of-Flight (oaTOF)</li><li>Multi-pass ion mobility separation</li><li>IMSⁿ experiments</li></ul><h4>Advanced Capabilities</h4><ul><li>Wideband Enhancement (WBE)</li><li>Dynamic Field Declustering (DFD)</li><li>Collision-Induced Unfolding (CIU)</li><li>Electron Capture Dissociation (ECD)</li><li>Surface-Induced Dissociation (SID)</li><li>Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange (HDX)</li></ul><h4>Mass Range</h4><ul><li>Quadrupole selection up to 32,000 m/z</li><li>Detection beyond 100,000 m/z</li></ul><h4>Imaging Applications</h4><ul><li>MALDI XS</li><li>DESI XS</li><li>High-resolution molecular imaging</li><li>Isomeric lipid separation</li></ul><h4>Software</h4><ul><li>Automated CCS calibration</li><li>Advanced method development</li><li>IMS data processing and interpretation</li><li>HDX and CIU workflow support</li></ul><h4>Typical Applications</h4><ul><li>Proteomics</li><li>Native mass spectrometry</li><li>Structural biology</li><li>Lipidomics</li><li>Metabolomics</li><li>Biotherapeutic characterization</li><li>GLP-1 research</li><li>Protein complex analysis</li><li>Molecular imaging</li><li>Forensics</li><li>Environmental analysis</li></ul>

Wiley NIST MS/MS Mass Spectral Library 2026

The NIST MS/MS Mass Spectral Library 2026 from Wiley provides more than 3.2 million validated tandem mass spectra for over 68,600 compounds, together with updated NIST software for confident LC-MS/MS identification and chromatogram analysis.

The NIST MS/MS Mass Spectral Library 2026, developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), is one of the most comprehensive spectral databases for LC-MS/MS compound identification. The latest release contains over 3.2 million validated tandem mass spectra representing more than 68,600 compounds, supporting confident identification across pharmaceutical, environmental, metabolomics, food, and industrial applications.The library includes high-resolution and low-resolution MS/MS spectra acquired using ESI and APCI ionization, multiple collision energies, and data from QTOF, Orbitrap, ion trap, and triple quadrupole instruments. The package also includes NIST MS Search, AMDIS, and MS Interpreter, with new support for LC-MS/MS chromatogram analysis.Available from Wiley, the library is compatible with current and legacy mass spectrometry data systems and can also be supplied in bundles with KnowItAll software.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>More than 3.2 million validated MS/MS spectra</li><li>Over 68,600 unique compounds</li><li>More than 567,100 precursor ions</li><li>Supports ESI and APCI ionization</li><li>Covers MS², MS³, and MS⁴ spectra</li><li>Includes HRAM, HCD, QqQ, and ion trap CID fragmentation data</li><li>Comprehensive coverage of positive and negative ion adducts</li><li>Includes MS Search, AMDIS, and MS Interpreter</li><li>New integrated LC-MS/MS chromatogram analysis</li><li>Available with KnowItAll software bundles</li></ul><h4>Library Specifications</h4><ul><li>Spectra: 3.2M+</li><li>Unique Compounds: 68,600+</li><li>Precursor Ions: 567,100+</li><li>MS Levels: MS², MS³, MS⁴</li><li>Ionization: ESI, APCI</li><li>Fragmentation Methods: HRAM, HCD, QqQ, ion trap CID</li></ul><h5>Supported Compound Classes:</h5><ul><li>Metabolites</li><li>Drugs and pharmaceuticals</li><li>Pesticides and pollutants</li><li>Peptides</li><li>Lipids</li><li>Sugars and glycans</li><li>Extractables and leachables</li><li>Industrial surfactants</li><li>Environmental contaminants</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Nanospray Flex Ion Source 

Thermo Scientific™ Nanospray Flex™ Ion Source is a flexible nano-electrospray ion source for LC-MS, delivering stable ionization, high sensitivity, and seamless integration with online and offline nano-ES workflows.

Thermo Scientific™ Nanospray Flex™ Ion Source is a nano-electrospray ion source designed to maximize LC-MS sensitivity while maintaining simple operation and exceptional flexibility. Developed for nanoflow LC-MS applications, it provides stable nano-electrospray ionization, low-flow operation, and flexible integration with a wide range of columns and emitters. The complete system is supplied with all required accessories for immediate installation.<h3>Key Features</h3><h4>High-Sensitivity Nano-ESI</h4><ul><li>Maximizes LC-MS sensitivity using stable nanoflow electrospray ionization</li><li>Supports nanoscale flow rates for efficient ionization and reduced sample consumption</li><li>Delivers highly stable spray performance for long analytical runs and stable spray performance during extended runs</li></ul><h4>Flexible Workflow</h4><ul><li>Single configuration for all online nanoflow LC-MS applications</li><li>Quickly switches between online LC-MS and offline nano-ES workflows</li><li>DirectJunction™ adaptor supports a wide range of column and emitter connections</li><li>Compatible with both stainless steel and glass emitters</li></ul><h4>Easy Operation</h4><ul><li>Precision X-Y-Z manipulator for accurate emitter positioning</li><li>Sliding rail design allows fast emitter access and replacement</li><li>Integrated camera, monitor, and illumination simplify emitter alignment</li><li>Supplied as a complete kit with accessories for immediate installation</li></ul><h3>Instrument Compatibility</h3><h4>Original Nanospray Flex Ion Source</h4><ul><li>Thermo Scientific™ LCQ Deca XP MAX™, LTQ™-series, and Velos™-series ion trap mass spectrometers</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ LTQ Orbitrap™-series and Orbitrap Velos™-series hybrid ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometers</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ Exactive™-series Orbitrap mass spectrometers</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ Q Exactive™-series hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometers</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ TSQ Quantum™-series and TSQ Vantage™ triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometers</li></ul><h4>Nanospray Flex NG</h4><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/562">Thermo Scientific™ Orbitrap Fusion™ Tribrid™ mass spectrometer</a></li><li>Thermo Scientific™ TSQ Endura™ triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific EASY-Spray Sources

Thermo Scientific™ EASY-Spray™ Sources are integrated nano-electrospray ion sources for nano-LC-MS featuring a temperature-controlled column-emitter assembly for stable ionization, excellent reproducibility, and simplified installation.

Thermo Scientific™ EASY-Spray™ Sources are integrated nano-electrospray ion sources designed for nanoflow LC-MS. Their temperature-controlled column-emitter assembly and single nanoViper™ connection simplify nanoLC-MS operation while delivering highly reproducible separations, stable spray performance, and high LC-MS sensitivity<h4>Integrated Design</h4><ul><li>Integrated temperature-controlled column and emitter assembly</li><li>Single nanoViper™ connection between the LC system and ion source</li><li>Integrated zero-dead-volume (ZDV) connections minimize dead volume</li><li>Simple plug-and-spray installation with quick column replacement</li></ul><h4>Chromatographic Performance</h4><ul><li>Stable nano-electrospray ionization for reliable LC-MS analysis</li><li>Supports long columns and small particle sizes for high peak-capacity separations</li><li>Column heating (30–60 °C) reduces solvent viscosity and backpressure</li><li>Ultra-sharp chromatographic peaks improve separation efficiency</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_EASY_Spray_Sources_4_361e3bad42.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific EASY-Spray Sources: The entire assembly is designed for heavy use so you can utilize the full pressure range of your UHPLC front-end (up to 1000 bar) and benefit from small particles and long columns. Longer columns and longer gradients both contribute to more identifications." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_EASY_Spray_Sources_4_361e3bad42.jpg 229w," sizes="100vw" width="921" height="628"><h4>Reproducibility</h4><ul><li>Stable performance during extended analytical operation</li><li>Excellent run-to-run reproducibility</li><li>Outstanding column-to-column reproducibility for large studies and multi-site laboratories</li></ul><h4>Ease of Use</h4><ul><li>Plug-and-spray operation requiring minimal setup</li><li>Integrated camera provides an illuminated, magnified view of the emitter tip</li><li>Eliminates the most error-prone nanoLC connections</li></ul><h4>Compatibility</h4>Compatible with Thermo Scientific EASY-Spray columns and selected Thermo Scientific nanoLC systems and mass spectrometers, including:<ul><li>Thermo Scientific™ LCQ Deca XP MAX™, LTQ™-series, and Velos™ series ion trap mass spectrometers</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ LTQ Orbitrap™-series and Orbitrap Velos™ series hybrid ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometers</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ Exactive™ series Orbitrap mass spectrometers</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ Q Exactive™ series hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometers</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ TSQ Quantum™ series and TSQ Vantage™ triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometers</li></ul>The EASY-Spray NG ion source works in conjunction with the latest next-generation Thermo Scientific mass spectrometers:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/562">Thermo Scientific™ Orbitrap™ Fusion™ Tribrid™ Mass Spectrometer</a></li><li>Thermo Scientific™ TSQ Endura™ Triple-stage Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ TSQ Quantiva™ Triple-stage Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific OptiSpray Ion Source

The Thermo Scientific™ OptiSpray™ Ion Source is an intelligent ESI interface for nano- and capillary LC-MS, combining automated spray optimization, high sensitivity, reproducibility, and easy operation with the OptiSpray™ Cartridge system.

The Thermo Scientific™ OptiSpray™ Ion Source is an intelligent electrospray ionization interface designed to simplify the acquisition of high-quality, reproducible nano- and capillary LC-MS data. Compatible with the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/398">Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ Neo UHPLC system </a>and the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=5&amp;manufacturerItems=3">Thermo Scientific mass spectrometers </a>portfolio, it combines automated spray optimization with cartridge-based nano and capillary columns to deliver high sensitivity, quantitative accuracy, precision, and robust performance for discovery and targeted assays.<h4>High Performance</h4>The OptiSpray™ ion source combines optimized fluidics with integrated temperature and sheath gas control to ensure stable, reproducible electrospray ionization. Automated spray positioning helps deliver reproducible, high-quality analytical results with or without the FAIMS interface.<h4>Simple and Automated Operation</h4>Designed for ease of use, the OptiSpray™ system features plug-and-play cartridge installation that virtually eliminates manual setup of nano and capillary columns. Automated spray optimization further simplifies operation, while onboard cartridge memory stores cartridge properties, usage data, and previous source settings, enabling rapid setup and consistent ESI performance over time.<h4>Reliable and Reproducible Results</h4>The source enhances robustness by automatically moving the spray to an inactive position between injections, helping maintain a cleaner MS system. Exchangeable emitters extend column lifetime, while automated spray positioning, cartridge memory, and integrated nebulization gas boost contribute to run-to-run and intercolumn reproducibility.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Opti_Spray_Ion_Source_2_fd937ef73f.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific OptiSpray Ion Source" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Opti_Spray_Ion_Source_2_fd937ef73f.jpg 156w," sizes="100vw" width="650" height="650"><h3>Key Features</h3><ul><li>Intelligent electrospray ionization interface for nano- and capillary LC-MS</li><li>Automated spray optimization for consistent ESI performance</li><li>Plug-and-play cartridge installation with minimal manual setup</li><li>Optimized fluidics with integrated temperature and sheath gas control</li><li>Automated spray positioning</li><li>Compatible with or without the FAIMS interface</li><li>Onboard cartridge memory storing cartridge properties, usage data, and previous source settings</li><li>Automatic inactive spray position between injections for improved system robustness</li><li>Exchangeable emitters to extend column lifetime</li><li>Integrated nebulization gas boost for improved reproducibility</li><li>Designed for discovery and targeted assays</li></ul>

rHGH fragment or AOD-9604 (LCMS+CHNS) analysis

Combined LC-MS, CHNS and HPLC analysis of rHGH fragment 176–191 and AOD-9604 for identification, amount, peptide purity and contamination screening.

This analysis is designed to identify and determine the amount and purity of recombinant Human Growth Hormone fragment 176–191 and AOD-9604. It combines LC-MS, CHNS and HPLC to provide information about peptide identity, net peptide content, peptide purity and potential contamination with other peptides or degradation products.The test can detect and measure either target compound. It is therefore not necessary to know in advance whether the sample contains rHGH fragment 176–191 or AOD-9604.<h4>rHGH Fragment 176–191</h4>rHGH fragment 176–191, also known as somatropin 176–191, is a peptide corresponding to amino acids 176 to 191 of Human Growth Hormone. It consists of 16 amino acids and represents the C-terminal region of the HGH molecule.Its molecular weight is approximately 1,799 Da. It differs from AOD-9604 in the first amino acid of its sequence.<h4>AOD-9604</h4>AOD-9604 is a synthetically modified peptide derived from Human Growth Hormone fragment 176–191. Like the rHGH fragment, it contains 16 amino acids, but its sequence begins with tyrosine instead of phenylalanine.This structural difference allows the two peptides to be distinguished by LC-MS. The molecular weight of AOD-9604 is approximately 1,815 Da.<h4>Analytical Methods</h4><h5>LC-MS – Identification and Contamination Screening</h5>LC-MS is used to confirm the identity of the peptide in the sample. It also provides screening for detectable contamination with other peptides and peptide degradation products.<h5>CHNS – Net Peptide Content Determination</h5>CHNS elemental analysis measures the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur content of the sample. The measured values can be used to determine Net Peptide Content.Because the sample is combusted during CHNS analysis, the result is not affected by solubility issues that may complicate chromatographic measurement of peptide amount.<h5>HPLC – Peptide Purity Determination</h5>HPLC is used to determine peptide purity and the relative proportion of the main peptide component compared with chromatographically detectable impurities.<h4>What the Analysis Determines</h4><ul><li>Identity of rHGH fragment 176–191 or AOD-9604</li><li>Amount of peptide in the sample</li><li>Net peptide content determined by CHNS</li><li>Peptide purity determined by HPLC</li><li>Presence of other peptides or degradation products detected by LC-MS</li><li>Differentiation between rHGH fragment 176–191 and AOD-9604</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compounds: rHGH fragment – somatropin 176–191 and AOD-9604</li><li>CAS number of AOD-9604: 221231-10-3</li><li>Molecular weight of AOD-9604: 1,815 Da</li><li>AOD-9604 sequence: H-Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys(1)-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys(1)-Gly-Phe-OH</li><li>CAS number of rHGH fragment: 66004-57-7</li><li>Molecular weight of rHGH fragment: 1,799 Da</li><li>rHGH fragment sequence: H-Phe-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys(1)-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys(1)-Gly-Phe-OH</li><li>Identification method: LC-MS</li><li>Amount determination method: CHNS</li><li>Peptide purity method: HPLC</li><li>Detection limit: less than one twentieth of the usual dosage per vial</li><li>Result format for lyophilizates: mg per vial and peptide purity</li><li>Alternative result format: m/m purity and peptide purity</li><li>Minimum lyophilizate sample: one whole unopened vial containing the lyophilizate</li><li>Minimum raw API powder sample: 30 mg in a sealed glass vial to prevent moisture absorption</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote><h5>Important Notice</h5>The alternative m/m purity result format is intended exclusively for raw API powders. For lyophilized samples, the standard result format provides the peptide amount in mg per vial together with peptide purity.</blockquote><h4>Additional Analyses</h4><h5>TFA Analysis</h5><ul><li>Detection and measurement of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the sample. Results are reported in mg per vial.</li></ul><h5>Raw Data</h5><ul><li>Delivery of the available raw analytical data from the primary test and all applicable additional analyses.</li></ul><h5>Fentanyl Presence Analysis</h5><h5>Alternative Result Format – m/m Purity</h5><ul><li>Alternative reporting of the result as mass-by-mass purity. This option is intended exclusively for raw API powders.</li></ul><h5>Variance Testing</h5><ul><li>Analysis of multiple sample units to assess variation within a single batch. All submitted samples must originate from the same batch of the same product.</li></ul><h5>pH Measurement</h5><h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2522">Endotoxin Analysis</a></h5><ul><li>Measurement of bacterial endotoxins, particularly lipopolysaccharides (LPS), in the sample. This analysis is available only for finished products and should not be ordered for raw powders.</li><li>The standard test provides accurate results up to 10 EU per vial. Values above 10 EU per vial are estimated and require an additional test with a different dilution for precise determination. Sending two vials is therefore recommended.</li><li>Where endotoxin levels above 10 EU per vial are expected, the method can be calibrated for the higher range in advance.</li></ul><h5>Additional Report</h5><ul><li>A separate additional laboratory report issued under a different client name.</li></ul><h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2527">Sterility Testing</a></h5><ul><li>TAMC and TYMC testing checks the product for the presence of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Additional unopened sample units must be submitted for analysis. The average turnaround time for this test is 14 days.</li></ul><h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis</a></h5><ul><li>Detection of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in the sample. Testing for other metals can be arranged individually.</li></ul>

Analysis of peptides in supplements (Bioanalytic)

Verify peptides in dietary supplements with sensitive LC-MS/MS analysis. Identify declared peptides, detect impurities, and support reliable product quality control.

<h3>LC-MS/MS analysis of peptides in dietary supplements – precise quality control and compliance with the declaration</h3>Looking for reliable analysis of peptides in dietary supplements? We offer specialized LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry) testing to accurately identify peptides used in health promoting products and nutritional supplements.<h4>Why perform LC-MS/MS analysis of peptides?</h4>Peptides are increasingly common ingredients in dietary supplements – both for athletes and those concerned with health, regeneration or skin appearance. Due to their specific action, it is extremely important to precisely analyze the composition of the preparations used and confirm the composition of the declared substances. Our research allows to:<ul><li>Verify the compliance of the supplement with the manufacturer’s declaration,</li><li>Detect contaminants or prohibited substances,</li><li>Ensure the safety and effectiveness of the product’s use,</li><li>Meet the requirements of the sanitary inspection and EU regulations.</li></ul><h4>Our offer – analysis of peptides in supplements by LC-MS/MS method</h4>As part of our service, we offer comprehensive peptide testing by LC-MS/MS, including:<ul><li>Consultation and selection of an analytical method tailored to the type of peptides and the client’s needs,</li><li>Qualitative analysis of peptides (upon request) – aimed at the accurate determination of the mass and isotopic distribution of the peptide under study in the sample in order to unambiguously confirm the identification of the peptide. Indication of impurities and determination of the relative percentage concentration of impurities,</li><li>The ability to identify new or non-standard compounds,</li><li>Fast turnaround time (results as low as 5 working days),</li></ul><h4>Who uses our services?</h4>Our research is aimed at:<ul><li>Manufacturers and importers of dietary supplements,</li><li>Supplement packaging companies,</li><li>Quality control laboratories,</li><li>Distributors and nutritional stores,</li><li>Organizations that test supplements for athletes.</li></ul><h4>Why us?</h4>We have modern technological facilities and a team of experienced analysts. We guarantee full confidentiality, flexibility and individual approach to each order. Our LC-MS/MS analyses meet the highest quality standards.<h4>Have your peptide analysis done today!</h4>Contact us for a free quote and tailor the scope of testing to meet your needs. Ensure the quality, safety and reliability of your dietary supplement with professional laboratory analysis. We offer highly specific and sensitive qualitative analysis of peptides by LC-MS/MS technique. At the moment, we analyze the following peptides:<ul><li>GHRP-2</li><li>GHRP-6</li><li>BPC-157</li><li>Melanotan-2</li><li>Semaglutide</li><li>Tirzepatide</li><li>Retatrutide</li><li>Ipamorelin</li><li>PT-141</li><li>TB-500</li><li>Tesamorelin</li><li>Epitalon</li><li>Fragment 176-191</li><li>GKH-Cu</li><li>Ostarine</li><li>Rad 140</li><li>Kisspeptin</li></ul>The list of compounds is not closed and will be systematically expanded according to customer needs.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?category=54&amp;distributorItems=315">Other analytical methods we offer</a>.

GCMS/LCMS screening for contamination

GCMS/LCMS screening for identification of contaminants in samples, with the analytical method selected according to sample type.

The GCMS/LCMS Screening for Contamination is a standalone laboratory service designed to identify potential contaminants in a sample using either gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS).The appropriate analytical method depends on the sample type. GCMS is used primarily for volatile and semi-volatile compounds, while LCMS is suitable for peptide-related contamination.<h4>About the Screening</h4><ul><li>GCMS screening uses the NIST 2014 mass spectral library to identify a broad range of potentially harmful substances in the product. Detection is limited to volatile and semi-volatile compounds and this method is not suitable for peptide samples. &nbsp;</li><li>LCMS screening is intended for peptide products and can detect contamination with other peptides or degraded peptide. Detection is limited to peptides included in the laboratory’s available reference list.</li></ul>Both methods provide identification of detected contaminants only. Quantitative determination of a detected substance can be offered separately.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Standalone contamination screening by GCMS or LCMS</li><li>Analytical method selected according to sample type</li><li>GCMS screening for volatile and semi-volatile contaminants</li><li>GCMS identification using the NIST 2014 mass spectral library</li><li>LCMS screening for peptide contamination and degraded peptide</li><li>Identification of detected contaminants</li><li>Quantitative determination available separately after identification</li><li>Suitable for tablets, capsules, liquid solutions, raw materials, and vials depending on the selected method</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Testing method: GCMS or LCMS</li><li>Amount of sample required: 1 tablet/capsule, 1 ml solution, 200 mg raw material, or 1 vial</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>The analytical method is selected according to the type of sample and the expected contaminants.</li><li>GCMS detection is limited to volatile and semi-volatile compounds and cannot be used for peptide samples.</li><li>LCMS detection is limited to peptides included in the laboratory’s available reference list.</li><li>Both GCMS and LCMS screening provide identification only. Quantitative determination of a detected contaminant is not included in the standard analysis and can be offered separately.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Tribrid Apex Mass Spectrometer

Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Tribrid Apex combines a quadrupole, linear ion trap, and Orbitrap analyzer for high-resolution MSⁿ workflows in proteomics, biopharma, structural biology, and small-molecule analysis.

The Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Tribrid Apex is a new-generation high-resolution hybrid mass spectrometry platform designed for complex structural characterization, multiomics, biopharmaceutical research, structural biology, and small-molecule analysis. It combines a quadrupole mass filter, high-capacity linear ion trap, and Orbitrap mass analyzer with advanced ion parallelization, flexible MSⁿ workflows, and a broad range of fragmentation technologies. The platform is engineered to deliver higher speed, sensitivity, fragmentation flexibility, and confident characterization across demanding biological and chemical applications.&nbsp;Orbitrap Tribrid Apex is available in four application-focused editions: Small Molecule, MultiOmics, Structural Biology, and BioPharma. Each is built on the common Tribrid architecture while providing capabilities tailored to specific analytical workflows.&nbsp;<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Hybrid Tribrid architecture:<ul><li>QR5 segmented quadrupole mass filter</li><li>high-capacity linear ion trap</li><li>Orbitrap mass analyzer</li></ul></li><li>Orbitrap resolution &gt;480,000 FWHM</li><li>Orbitrap acquisition rates up to 75 Hz with TurboTMT</li><li>MSⁿ acquisition in the linear ion trap at up to 100 Hz</li><li>Dual Ion Routing Multipoles for ion parallelization</li><li>Precursor isolation widths down to 0.4 m/z</li><li>Extensive fragmentation capabilities including:<ul><li>HCD</li><li>CID</li><li>ETD</li><li>EThcD</li><li>ETciD</li><li>optional UVPD</li><li>optional IRMPD</li></ul></li><li>Flexible multistage MSⁿ workflows</li><li>Real-Time Library Search and intelligent acquisition strategies</li><li>Auto-Ready 2 ion source for automated and remote calibration</li><li>Oil-free dry pump supplied as standard</li><li>Optional EASY-IC internal calibration for sub-1 ppm mass accuracy</li><li>Optional Native MS, PTCR, and Direct Mass Technology workflows depending on edition and configuration.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3>Application-Focused Editions</h3><h4>Orbitrap Tribrid Apex Small Molecule MS</h4>Designed for unknown identification, structural elucidation, metabolomics, lipidomics, and combined discovery/quantitation workflows. Multiple orthogonal fragmentation pathways can be combined within a single experiment to provide complementary structural information.SQUAD—Simultaneous Quantitation and Discovery—combines targeted quantitation and untargeted compound discovery in a single LC-MS analysis. The brochure demonstrates a seven-order linear dynamic range and reports 40% faster polarity switching in the illustrated workflow.<h4>Orbitrap Tribrid Apex MultiOmics MS</h4>Designed for proteomics and broader multiomics workflows, supporting DDA, DIA, hybrid DIA, TMT multiplexing, PRM, glycopeptide analysis, and PTM characterization. Improved ion parallelization and IR-assisted fragmentation enhance peptide characterization and quantitative productivity.&nbsp;<h4>Orbitrap Tribrid Apex Structural Biology MS</h4>Combines Native MS, top-down analysis, flexible MSⁿ fragmentation, and Direct Mass Technology mode to investigate intact protein complexes, molecular interactions, and structural dynamics.With the Native MS option:<ul><li>MS1 range extends to m/z 16,000</li><li>MS²/MSⁿ range extends to m/z 20,000</li><li>quadrupole isolation extends to m/z 12,000</li><li>ion-trap isolation extends to m/z 8,000.</li></ul><h4>Orbitrap Tribrid Apex BioPharma MS</h4>Designed for comprehensive biotherapeutic characterization from intact mass and top-/middle-down analysis through peptide mapping. Representative workflows include monoclonal antibodies, ADCs, proteoforms, oligonucleotides, and tRNA.IR-assisted EThcD combined with PTCR MS³ can reduce spectral congestion and increase sequence coverage for heterogeneous biotherapeutics, while Direct Mass Technology mode supports interpretation of complex top- and middle-down spectra.&nbsp;<h3>Tribrid Architecture and Ion Parallelization</h3>The platform incorporates two Ion Routing Multipoles:<ul><li>the front IRM performs HCD at the MS² stage,</li><li>the rear IRM supports parallel ion processing and HCD at MS³ and higher stages.</li></ul>The QR5 segmented quadrupole with hyperbolic surfaces supports precursor isolation widths down to 0.4 m/z, while parallelized ion handling improves throughput in complex MSⁿ workflows.&nbsp;<h4>Fragmentation Capabilities</h4>Available fragmentation approaches include:<ul><li>CID – collision-induced dissociation</li><li>HCD – higher-energy collisional dissociation</li><li>ETD – electron transfer dissociation</li><li>EThcD – ETD with supplemental HCD</li><li>ETciD – ETD with supplemental CID</li><li>UVPD – ultraviolet photodissociation, optional</li><li>IRMPD – infrared multiphoton dissociation, optional</li></ul>The UV-laser option supports applications such as top-down proteomics, oligonucleotides, and lipidomics, while the IR-laser option supports TMT reporter-ion fragmentation, top-down MS, and peptide workflows.&nbsp;<h4>Direct Mass Technology Mode</h4>Optional Direct Mass Technology mode uses single-ion detection to assign charge without relying on conventional isotope or charge-state patterns. It expands characterization capabilities for intact proteins, protein complexes, proteoforms, heterogeneous biologics, and complex top-down spectra.&nbsp;<h4>Intelligent Acquisition</h4>The platform supports intelligent acquisition tools including:<ul><li>Real-Time Library Search</li><li>Adaptive Real-Time Library Search</li><li>Smart Targeted TMT</li><li>spectral-library-directed MSⁿ</li><li>pre-built method templates.&nbsp;</li></ul><h4>Available Editions and Options</h4>Instrument Editions<ul><li>B51008787 – Orbitrap Tribrid Apex Structural Biology MS</li><li>B51008788 – Orbitrap Tribrid Apex BioPharma MS</li><li>B51008789 – Orbitrap Tribrid Apex MultiOmics MS</li><li>B51008790 – Orbitrap Tribrid Apex Small Molecule MS</li></ul>Listed Options<ul><li>B51008633 – UV-laser option for Tribrid MS</li><li>B51008634 – IR-laser option for Tribrid MS</li><li>B51009083 – Native MS option for Tribrid MS</li><li>B51009084 – Direct Mass Technology mode option for Tribrid MS</li></ul><h4>Typical Applications</h4><ul><li>Proteomics and multiomics</li><li>TMT and label-free quantitation</li><li>Glycoproteomics and PTM analysis</li><li>Top-down and middle-down proteomics</li><li>Native MS</li><li>HDX-MS</li><li>Structural biology</li><li>Monoclonal antibodies</li><li>ADCs and other biotherapeutics</li><li>Oligonucleotides and RNA</li><li>Lipidomics</li><li>Metabolomics</li><li>Small-molecule analysis</li><li>Unknown identification</li><li>Structural elucidation</li><li>Targeted and untargeted quantitation</li></ul>

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