<p><strong>Despite being banned in the United States since 1979, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) remain a persistent environmental and health concern that requires vigilant detection and monitoring. These synthetic organochlorine compounds continue to pose significant risks through their presence in older buildings, equipment, and the environment.</strong></p><h3><strong>What are PCBs?</strong></h3><p>PCBs are synthetic organochlorine compounds consisting of <strong>209 congeners</strong> that were widely used in hundreds of industrial and commercial applications due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, high boiling point, and electrical insulation properties. <strong>They were commonly found in:</strong></p><ul><li>Electrical equipment (transformers and capacitors)</li><li>Fluorescent light ballasts</li><li>Caulking compounds and sealants</li><li>Paints and adhesives</li><li>Insulation materials</li><li>Hydraulic fluids</li></ul><p>Although PCB production was banned in the 1970s due to concerns over their toxicity and environmental persistence, these chemicals continue to enter waterways through uncontrolled spillage, stream transport, surface runoff, and atmospheric deposition.</p><h3><strong>Health Impacts of PCB Exposure</strong></h3><p>PCBs are highly toxic compounds with numerous documented adverse health effects:</p><h4><strong>Carcinogenic Properties</strong></h4><p>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PCBs as definite carcinogens in humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in both humans and experimental animals. This classification is supported by consistent associations between PCB exposure.</p><p>The EPA considers PCBs probable human carcinogens (classification B2), while the Department of Health and Human Services has concluded that PCBs are reasonably anticipated to be carcinogenic in humans.</p><h4><strong>Other Health Effects</strong></h4><p>Beyond cancer, PCB exposure has been linked to numerous health conditions:</p><ul><li>Diabetes mellitus</li><li>Liver and kidney toxicity</li><li>Endocrine system disruption</li><li>Neurodevelopmental adverse effects</li><li>Skin ailments</li><li>Immune system disorders</li><li>Respiratory problems</li><li>Inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases</li></ul><p>Research has shown that PCB exposure can have particularly harmful effects on vulnerable populations, including pregnant women, fetuses, infants, and children.</p><h3><strong>Environmental Persistence and Bioaccumulation</strong></h3><p>One of the most concerning aspects of PCBs is their environmental persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate:</p><ul><li>PCBs persist in the environment for decades</li><li>They travel over great distances through air, water, and soil</li><li>PCBs accumulate in fatty tissues and bio-magnify higher up the food chain</li><li>They are particularly harmful to top predators such as tuna, seals, polar bears, and humans [9]</li></ul><p>The persistence of PCBs in the environment corresponds to their degree of chlorination, with some half-lives up to 300 years for certain PCBs [10]. This persistence means that despite production bans, PCBs remain a global issue, with most people worldwide likely having detectable quantities in their bodies.</p><h3><strong>Exposure Pathways</strong></h3><p>Understanding the routes of PCB exposure is crucial for effective prevention and detection strategies:</p><h4><strong>Dietary Exposure</strong></h4><p>The primary route of human exposure to PCBs is through consumption of contaminated food, particularly:</p><ul><li>Fish and seafood</li><li>Dairy products</li><li>Animal products containing fats</li></ul><p>Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between consumption of contaminated fish and increased serum concentrations of PCBs [11].</p><h4><strong>Inhalation Exposure</strong></h4><p>A second significant route for PCB exposure is inhalation, particularly:</p><ul><li>Indoor air in buildings constructed using PCB-containing materials</li><li>Outdoor air in industrialized and densely populated urban areas</li><li>Volatilization from environmental reservoirs (rivers, lakes, landfills)</li></ul><p>Since PCB volatilization is temperature-dependent, higher concentrations may be found in air during warmer periods.</p><h4><strong>Occupational Exposure</strong></h4><p>Workers in certain industries face higher risks of PCB exposure:</p><ul><li>Hazardous waste handling</li><li>Emergency response and firefighting</li><li>Maintenance cleaning</li><li>Waste oil processing</li></ul><p>Occupational exposure typically occurs through inhalation or dermal contact during repair, maintenance, or accidents involving PCB-containing equipment.</p><h3><strong>The Critical Importance of PCB Detection</strong></h3><p>Given the serious health and environmental risks posed by PCBs, effective detection methods are essential for several reasons:</p><h4><strong>Public Health Protection</strong></h4><p>Early and accurate detection of PCBs allows for remediation before significant exposure occurs, protecting vulnerable populations including schoolchildren and workers in contaminated environments. This is particularly important given the heightened sensitivity of fetuses and children to PCB exposure.</p><h4><strong>Environmental Monitoring and Remediation</strong></h4><p>Detection helps identify contaminated sites requiring cleanup, particularly in high-risk areas like e-waste recycling facilities where extremely high PCB concentrations have been found. Effective monitoring is essential for tracking the movement and concentration of PCBs in the environment.</p><h4><strong>Regulatory Compliance</strong></h4><p>Proper testing ensures compliance with environmental regulations and safety standards. Despite being banned decades ago, PCBs remain subject to strict regulatory controls due to their persistent nature and toxicity.</p><h3><strong>EPA-Approved Detection Methods</strong></h3><p>The EPA has established several methods for PCB detection, each serving different purposes and offering varying levels of sensitivity:</p><h4><strong>EPA Method 8082A</strong></h4><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/comprehensive-overview-of-epa-8081-8082-and-8270-optimizing-sample-preparation-and-detection"><strong>EPA Method 8082A </strong></a>remains one of the most used <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/preparing-soil-samples-for-epa-methods-8081-and-8082"><strong>methods for PCB detection</strong></a>. This gas chromatography-based method is designed for determining PCB concentrations as Aroclors or as individual PCB congeners in extracts from solid and liquid matrices [5].</p><p><strong>Key features of Method 8082A include:</strong></p><ul><li>Uses gas chromatography with open-tubular capillary columns that have electron capture detectors (GC/ECD) or electrolytic conductivity detectors (GC/ELCD) [5]</li><li>Detection limits typically in the μg/kg (ppb) range</li><li>Primarily used for site investigations and waste characterization</li><li>Identifies PCBs based on pattern recognition of Aroclor mixtures</li><li>Suitable for soil, sediment, and waste samples [5] [8]</li></ul><p>While effective for many applications, this method has limitations in detecting weathered or degraded PCBs where original Aroclor patterns may be altered. The method is appropriate at contaminated sites when testing is only needed for total PCBs based on Aroclors [1].</p><h4><strong>EPA Method 608</strong></h4><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/in-depth-guide-to-epa-625-and-610-sample-preparation-and-analysis"><strong>EPA Method 608 </strong></a>is specifically designed for <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/boil-off-large-volumes-of-methylene-chloride-effectively"><strong>detecting organochlorine pesticides and PCBs</strong></a> in municipal and industrial discharges under the Clean Water Act (40 CFR Part 136) [6]. This method uses <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/gas-chromatography-sample-preparation"><strong>gas chromatography</strong></a> with those capillary tubes that have electron capture detection (GC/ECD) [2].</p><p><strong>Key characteristics include:</strong></p><ul><li>Quantification limit of approximately 300 ppt (parts per trillion)</li><li>Method detection limits ranging from 10 to 100 ppt depending on the Aroclor and water matrix</li><li>Requires a confirmation step using GC with MS detection [2] [6]</li><li>Samples must be extracted within 7 days of collection and analyzed within 40 days of extraction [6]</li><li>Currently the only EPA-approved method for PCB analysis in the NPDES permit program</li></ul><p>EPA Method 608 is performed using ECD detection with confirmational analysis by GCMS as specified in US EPA method 625 [2]. The method requires a 1-liter sample that is extracted using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/2407"><strong>liquid/liquid extraction technique </strong></a>with methylene chloride as the extracting solvent [6].</p><h4><strong>EPA Method 1668</strong></h4><p>For applications requiring extremely high sensitivity, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.organomation.com/focus-on-methods-1668-and-1613-sample-prep-and-analysis"><strong>EPA Method 1668</strong></a> provides state-of-the-art detection capabilities. This method uses high-resolution gas chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) [3].</p><p><strong>Key features include:</strong></p><ul><li>Extremely sensitive with method detection limits in the parts-per-quadrillion (ppq) range</li><li>Approximately 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than Method 608</li><li>Can determine concentrations of all 209 PCB congeners individually1] [3]</li><li>Particularly valuable for detecting co-planar PCB congeners with high toxicological significance [1]</li><li>Appropriate when testing needs to detect concentrations below what EPA Method 8082 can detect [1]</li><li>Has undergone several revisions (1668A, 1668B, 1668C) to improve performance</li></ul><p>Method 1668 is particularly important for risk assessment studies, monitoring of sensitive ecosystems, and research applications where precise congener-specific analysis is required. It is superior to Method 8082A and provides better accuracy in the quantification of total PCB [3].</p><h3><strong>Method Selection Considerations</strong></h3><p><strong>The choice between these methods depends on specific needs:</strong></p><ul><li><strong>Method 8082A</strong> is appropriate for contaminated sites when testing is only needed for total PCBs based on Aroclors [1]</li><li><strong>Method 1668</strong> is recommended when ultra-trace detection limits are required, matrices are complex, or the highest quality data is needed [3]</li><li><strong>Method 608</strong> is primarily used for regulatory compliance under the Clean Water Act [6]</li></ul><p>A newer method, EPA Method 1628, has also been developed that detects all 209 PCB congeners and quantifies them either directly or indirectly, striking a balance between comprehensive detection and practicality [3]. However, it is not yet approved for use with NPDES permits under 40 CFR Part 136.</p><h3><strong>Emerging Detection Technologies</strong></h3><p>Beyond the standard EPA methods, several promising alternative detection methods are being developed:</p><h4><strong>Fluorescence-Based Techniques</strong></h4><p>Fluorescence spectroscopy offers a highly sensitive, rapid, and simple approach to detecting dilute quantities of PCBs in aqueous environments [7].</p><h4><strong>Electrochemical Impedance Sensors</strong></h4><p>These sensors offer potential for rapid field detection of PCBs, with ongoing research focused on improving sensitivity and selectivity [7].</p><p>The development of these alternative methods is crucial as they may provide more accessible, cost-effective, and field-ready options for PCB detection.</p><h3><strong>Challenges in PCB Detection</strong></h3><p>Despite advances in detection technology, several challenges remain:</p><h4><strong>Complex Matrices</strong></h4><p>Environmental samples often contain complex matrices that can interfere with PCB detection, requiring sophisticated sample preparation techniques [4].</p><h4><strong>Weathered PCBs</strong></h4><p>PCBs in the environment undergo weathering processes that alter their chemical composition, making identification based on original Aroclor patterns difficult.</p><h4><strong>Cost and Accessibility</strong></h4><p>High-sensitivity methods like EPA 1668 require expensive equipment and specialized expertise, limiting their widespread application, particularly in resource-limited settings.</p><h4><strong>Field Testing Limitations</strong></h4><p>Most current EPA-approved methods require laboratory analysis, creating delays between sampling and results that can hinder rapid response to contamination. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the gold standard technique (EPA method 8082A), requires high vacuum maintenance, is time-consuming, and expensive to operate [7].</p><h3><strong>Future Directions in PCB Detection</strong></h3><p>As technology advances, several promising developments in PCB detection are emerging:</p><h4><strong>Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</strong></h4><p>The integration of AI and machine learning in detection equipment marks a significant milestone. These technologies can enhance detection accuracy and efficiency by:</p><ul><li>Adapting and self-correcting detection algorithms</li><li>Learning from past inspections</li><li>Identifying recurring patterns</li><li>Categorizing and prioritizing detection results based on severity</li></ul><h4><strong>Automated Detection Systems</strong></h4><p>Automated systems utilizing computer vision, robotics, and machine learning algorithms can identify PCB contamination quickly and accurately. These systems offer several advantages:</p><ul><li>Real-time detection capabilities</li><li>Minimized downtime</li><li>Increased efficiency</li><li>Elimination of human error</li><li>Generation of detailed reports with visual representations</li></ul><h4><strong>Portable and Field-Ready Technologies</strong></h4><p>The development of portable detection methods will enable more frequent and widespread monitoring, particularly in remote or resource-limited settings. These technologies aim to provide:</p><ul><li>Lower detection limits for trace amounts of PCBs</li><li>Faster results enabling more frequent monitoring</li><li>Integration with broader environmental monitoring systems</li></ul><h3><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3><p>Despite decades of regulation, PCBs remain ubiquitous in our environment and continue to pose significant health risks. The importance of detecting these persistent pollutants cannot be overstated, as early and accurate detection is essential for protecting public health, guiding remediation efforts, and preventing further environmental contamination.</p><p>The EPA has developed a comprehensive suite of analytical methods to address different detection needs, from the widely used Method 8082A to the ultra-sensitive Method 1668C. Each method serves specific purposes within the regulatory framework and scientific community, providing essential tools for monitoring and managing PCB contamination.</p><p>As detection technology advances, we can expect more accessible, sensitive, and efficient methods for monitoring PCBs. By investing in these technologies and maintaining vigilance in our detection efforts, we can work toward reducing the impact of these harmful chemicals on human health and the environment for current and future generations.</p><p>The legacy of PCBs serves as a powerful reminder of the long-term consequences of industrial chemicals and the critical importance of rigorous testing, monitoring, and regulation to protect both environmental and human health.</p><blockquote><p>Be sure to check out our other installments of our <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/introducing-our-environmental-contaminants-series-making-sense-of-the-alphabet-soup"><strong>Environmental Contaminant Series</strong></a> covering <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/the-importance-of-detecting-persistent-organic-pollutants-pops"><strong>Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/the-importance-of-detecting-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-pahs"><strong>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blog.organomation.com/blog/the-importance-of-detecting-semi-volatile-organic-compounds-svocs"><strong>Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)</strong></a>, and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7810"><strong>Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)</strong></a>.</p></blockquote>

The Importance of Detecting Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 41, 2026

RAFA 2026 Scientific Programme

<p><strong>In the week of October 12, the following webinars await you in the field of gas / solid phase and especially Raman, FTIR, GC and GC/MS.</strong></p><blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/webinars"><strong>👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</strong></a></h4><p><strong>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database</strong> with over <strong>6 000 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars</strong>.</p></blockquote><div><h5><span><strong>1. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Volatile PFAS Analysis for Industrial Monitoring: From Materials Emissions to PFAS Destruction</strong></span></h5><ul><li><div><div><span>Tu, 13.10.2026 18:00 CEST</span></div></div></li><li><div><div><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/webinar/6588"><span>Registration</span></a></div></div></li></ul><p>Discover how TD-GC-MS and GC-HRMS enable volatile PFAS analysis for industrial monitoring, including material emissions and PFAS destruction, using ASTM D8591-24 and EPA OTM-50 methods.</p></div><div><h5><span><strong>2. ALS Czech Republic: Update on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons</strong></span></h5><ul><li><div><div><span>We, 14.10.2026 11:00 CEST</span></div></div></li><li><div><div><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/webinar/6606"><span>Registration</span></a></div></div></li></ul><p>Learn about updated EU limits for mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOSH/MOAH) and prepare for upcoming 2027 regulations affecting food and packaging materials.</p></div><div><h5><span><strong>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Gain new insights for environmental, food and forensic investigations: See EA-IRMS in action</strong></span></h5><ul><li><div><div><span>We, 14.10.2026 16:00 CEST</span></div></div></li><li><div><div><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/webinar/6604"><span>Registration</span></a></div></div></li></ul><p>Discover how EA-IRMS and stable isotope analysis support origin determination and authenticity testing in environmental, food, and forensic investigations.</p></div><div><h5><span><strong>4. Waters Corporation: Blue Thursdays 2026 – The Best Of</strong></span></h5><ul><li><div><div><span>Th, 15.10.2026 15:00 CEST</span></div></div></li><li><div><div><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/webinar/5928"><span>Registration</span></a></div></div></li></ul><p>Join the final session of the Blue Thursdays 2026 series to revisit the most important insights and key lessons from previous webinars.</p></div>

Webinars LabRulezGCMS Week 42/2026

<p><strong>Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCxGC) are the gold standards for analyzing complex organic mixtures. This dual capability eliminates analytical blind spots and provides a more complete chemical profile.</strong></p><ul><li>GC-MS provides molecular identification and high sensitivity for both target quantification and non-target screening.</li><li>GCxGC exponentially increases analyte separation, exposing trace components and simplifying group-type analyses.</li><li>Together, these technologies offer an unparalleled toolset for volatile and semi-volatile sample characterization.</li></ul><h3><strong>Achieving Identification with TOF Technology</strong></h3><p>Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a foundational analytical tool for volatile and semi-volatile characterization. By resolving analytes from complex mixtures in the gas phase, the system allows for&nbsp;critical&nbsp;detection and identification of individual components. While traditional scanning quadrupole systems are effective for routine target analysis, Time-of-Flight (TOF) mass spectrometers significantly enhance capabilities for discovery-based work and complex&nbsp;sample&nbsp;characterization.</p><ul><li><strong>Uncompromised Full-Range Sensitivity:</strong>&nbsp;Unlike scanning&nbsp;mass spectrometers&nbsp;that lose sensitivity as scan speed increases, TOF systems can collect full mass range data at full sensitivity. This enables femtogram-level&nbsp;detection&nbsp;even when&nbsp;acquiring&nbsp;non-target data, ensuring that trace-level&nbsp;analytes&nbsp;are not missed.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>High-Speed Acquisition &amp; Deconvolution:</strong> Modern TOF technology provides the high data acquisition rates required to support extremely narrow chromatographic peaks associated with fast GC and GCxGC. Software algorithms automatically deconvolute coeluting peaks, extracting clean spectra for individual components</li><li><strong>Reliable Molecular Fingerprinting:</strong>&nbsp;Mass spectrometry creates a unique spectral “fingerprint” for each&nbsp;molecule. TOFMS&nbsp;facilitates&nbsp;accurate&nbsp;matching against extensive libraries&nbsp;thanks to the absence of spectral skewing associated with scanning instruments, providing definitive identification of both known and unknown analytes.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>System Versatility:</strong>&nbsp;These platforms are highly configurable, supporting a variety of autosamplers, ionization sources (such as EI or CI), and chromatography accessories to satisfy a wide range of&nbsp;methodology&nbsp;requirements and complex sample types.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3><strong>Powerful Chromatographic Separation for Complex Samples</strong></h3><p>When samples are too complex for conventional single-dimensional analysis—such as crude oil, complex aromas, or environmental extracts—Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCxGC) is required. By continuously capturing segments of effluent from a primary column and reinjecting them into a secondary column with a different stationary phase, GCxGC can provide a nearly 10-fold increase leap in resolving power.</p><ul><li><strong>Maximize Identifications:</strong>&nbsp;GCxGC&amp; instruments identify significantly more analytes than traditional GC by providing the chromatographic resolution necessary to separate components from each other and the matrix.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Structured Chromatograms:</strong>&nbsp;Analytes elute in predictable “classes” within the two-dimensional space (e.g., alkanes,&nbsp;aromatics, FAMEs). This creates a structured chemical map, simplifying group-type&nbsp;interpretation&nbsp;and the fingerprinting of complex chemistries.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Discovery of Hidden Components:</strong>&nbsp;By resolving coelutions,&nbsp;GCxGC&nbsp;exposes trace compounds that are typically obscured by more abundant species, making it the premier tool for research, development, and high-level discovery work.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3><strong>Flexible Configurations and System Options</strong></h3><p>Analytical platforms for GC and GC-MS are highly configurable, allowing laboratories to tailor the hardware to their specific&nbsp;methodology.&nbsp;</p><ul><li><strong>Automated Sample Introduction:</strong>&nbsp;Systems can be equipped with various autosampler solutions&nbsp;for performing various injection types&nbsp;including liquid, headspace,&nbsp;solid phase&nbsp;microextraction (SPME),&nbsp;Pyrolysis, Thermal Desorption, and more&nbsp;to streamline workflows.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Ionization Modes:</strong>&nbsp;Standard EI (electron impact) ionization can be complemented with CI (Chemical ionization) and NCI (Negative chemical ionization)&nbsp;to&nbsp;assist&nbsp;in both library matching and molecular weight confirmation.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Modulation Techniques:</strong>&nbsp;Both thermal and flow-based modulation options exist for&nbsp;GCxGC, allowing for the optimization of separation based on analyte volatility, sensitivity needs, and&nbsp;laboratory infrastructure.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3><strong>Industry Value: Why Advanced Analytical Techniques Are Indispensable</strong></h3><p>GC and GC-MS serve as a cornerstone for quality, safety, and innovation across many critical industries. By delivering high-precision data, these methodologies enable professionals to navigate rigorous regulatory environments, optimize complex manufacturing processes, and accelerate research breakthroughs. Explore the industries below to learn more on how these analytical capabilities provide the essential insights required to maintain quality and drive operational success across these diverse sectors.</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.leco.com/application/petrochemicals/"><strong>Petrochemicals</strong></a><br>The chemical complexity of petroleum and derived products necessitates specific instrumentation for thorough characterization. LECO’s GCxGC and TOFMS instruments simplify the classification and comparison of petroleum products for process optimization.&nbsp;</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.leco.com/application/environmental/"><strong>Environmental</strong></a><br>Our suite of elemental analyzers and GC-MS platforms empowers labs to confidently identify trace-level compounds through unprecedented separation and rich spectral detail.&nbsp;</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.leco.com/application/food-safety/"><strong>Food Safety</strong></a><br>To help manufacturers meet strict regulatory and consumer standards for food safety, we offer advanced analytical equipment for contaminant detection.&nbsp;</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.leco.com/application/aroma-flavor-fragrance/"><strong>Flavor &amp; Fragrance</strong></a><br>Leveraging advanced GCxGC and TOFMS instruments, LECO empowers deeper aroma characterization, accurate reformulation, off-odor identification, and more.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Pharmaceuticals</strong><br>Identification of unknown impurities and extractable/leachable compounds critical for drug safety.&nbsp;</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.leco.com/application/metabolomics/"><strong>Metabolomics</strong></a><br>Our advanced mass spectrometry instruments and innovative software tools are designed to help you decipher intricate metabolic disease pathways, explore new horizons in exposomics, and more.&nbsp;</li></ul><h3><strong>GC and GCxGC Instruments</strong></h3><p>The integration of GCxGC separations and Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry empowers researchers to see deeper into their samples. By combining high sensitivity with superior resolving power, these systems transform complex chemical mixtures into clear, actionable data for critical decision-making.</p><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/1097"><strong>Pegasus BTX Series</strong></a><strong>: </strong>High-Sensitivity GC-TOFMS</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/products?category=22&amp;manufacturerItems=24&amp;search=hrt"><strong>Pegasus HRT Series</strong></a><strong>: </strong>Redefining High-Resolution Analysis&nbsp;</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/products?category=181&amp;manufacturerItems=24"><strong>GCxGC Modulation Solutions</strong></a><strong>:</strong> Solutions for Enhanced GCxGC Analysis&nbsp;</li></ul>

GC and GC-MS: Unmatched Separation, Sensitivity, and Identification

<p><strong>Czech researchers from Charles University, Prague, led by Pavla Eliášová, have developed an advanced photocathode that helps convert the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into pure ethanol using sunlight. The new technology solves a long-standing problem of material degradation in water, achieves record conversion efficiency, and opens the way toward sustainable production of green fuels.</strong></p><p>Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into useful fuels using solar energy represents the holy grail of modern green chemistry. The device enabling this conversion is called a <strong>solar reactor</strong>. Its key element is a <strong>photocathode</strong>: a material that absorbs light and enables the chemical reaction. Cuprous oxide long appeared to be an ideal material because it is inexpensive, readily available, and excels at capturing solar rays. In practice, however, it faced a fundamental obstacle: in an aqueous environment under light, it transforms and degrades extremely rapidly—much like iron undergoing swift corrosion—and loses its functionality within just tens of minutes.</p><p><strong>The team from the Chemistry Section of the Faculty of Science, CU</strong>, led by<strong> Pavla Eliášová</strong>, in collaboration with <strong>Tomáš Hrbek from the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, CU</strong>, resolved this issue by creating a <strong>unique "nano-sandwich"</strong>. The scientists combined cuprous oxide with advanced two-dimensional materials called MXenes and, through precisely controlled heating, created an <strong>ultrathin layer of titanium dioxide</strong> on their surface. MXene modified in this way can rapidly drain electric charge from the cuprous oxide, thereby slowing down its decomposition. At the same time, it uses the charge further to convert carbon dioxide into liquid fuel.</p><p><i>"Surface-engineered MXene combined with cuprous oxide allowed us to unite the best of both materials. The copper base enables maximum utilization of light energy, while the conductive MXene framework ensures that the material remains active even after many hours of operation," </i>explains research<strong> team leader Pavla Eliášová from the Chemistry Section of the Faculty of Science, Charles University</strong>.</p><p>In laboratory tests, the new photocathode achieved a record solar-energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency of <strong>2,74 %</strong>. A crucial improvement is the formation of only a single product. While other systems often produce a mixture of byproducts, the material designed by the research team produces pure ethanol as its sole liquid product, which significantly simplifies its potential industrial application.</p><p><i>"This is a major step forward for us. On our laboratory scale, the system works very well and produces ethanol over many hours. In the next step, we want to further reinforce the stability of the entire photocathode and begin testing on a larger scale and under real daylight conditions," </i>adds physical chemist Pavla Eliášová.</p><p><strong>The research was conducted within the international European project DESIRED (Horizon Europe), with support from the Charles University Research Centre (UNCE) and the L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science program.</strong></p><blockquote><h4><strong>Article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.71469"><span><strong>Surface-Engineered Ti3C2Tx MXene/Cu2O Photocathodes for Highly Selective Photoelectrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Ethanol</strong></span></a></h4><p><span>Luis A. M. Carrascosa, Magdaléna Linková, Monika Remzová, Tomáš Hrbek, Pavla Eliášová</span></p><p><span><strong>Adv. Energy Mater.</strong>, 2026, <strong>16</strong>, e71469</span></p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.71469"><span>https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.71469</span></a></p><h6>licenced under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><h4><strong>Abstract</strong></h4><p>Cu<sub>2</sub>O is an inexpensive p-type semiconductor that promotes the photoelectrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction reaction (PEC CO<sub>2</sub>RR). While its low bandgap enables photoexcitation by visible light, long-term stability remains limited due to quick charge recombination and photocorrosion. Here, we enhanced charge separation and extraction by combining Cu<sub>2</sub>O with surface-engineered MXenes. In this novel architecture, TiO<sub>2</sub> grows in situ on the surface of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> and serves as a charge-transport layer, forming a junction with Cu<sub>2</sub>O. On the other side, the outer TiO<sub>2</sub> surface exposed to the CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated electrolyte offers catalytically active sites for CO<sub>2</sub> reduction. Acting as a central layer, the MXene conductive backbone provides an electronically continuous pathway for electron transport. In PEC CO<sub>2</sub>RR, the photocathode containing 50 wt.% of MXene and a balanced amount of TiO<sub>2</sub> on the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> surface outperformed the best Cu/Cu<sub>x</sub>O-based systems operating in non-organic electrolytes reported in the literature. The FTO/Cu<sub>2</sub>O/ml-Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>-350-N<sub>2</sub> photocathode reached 8.4&nbsp;µmol&nbsp;cm<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> ethanol production rate and 2.74% solar-to-ethanol efficiency after 2&nbsp;h. Moreover, pairing TiO<sub>2</sub>-MXene with Cu<sub>2</sub>O significantly stabilized the photocathode, which maintained 76% of the ethanol production rate after 6 h. Overall, our results establish surface-engineered Cu<sub>2</sub>O/TiO<sub>2</sub>-MXene heterostructures as a solid platform for highly selective, visible-light-driven ethanol production with significantly improved operational stability.</p>

Researchers from Charles University, Prague, Have Developed a New Photocathode for Efficient Conversion of CO2 into Ethanol

<p><strong>Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. In forensic science, GC is invaluable for identifying and quantifying substances present in various types of evidence.</strong></p><p><strong>Gas chromatography offers several advantages that make it indispensable in forensic science:</strong></p><ul><li>GC can detect and identify minute quantities of substances, even at trace levels, allowing forensic scientists to analyze small samples effectively.</li><li>It is capable of analyzing a wide range of volatile and semi-volatile compounds, making it suitable for various types of forensic evidence, including drugs, explosives, and environmental samples.</li><li>GC provides precise measurements of compound concentrations, which is essential for determining levels of substances such as blood alcohol content or drug quantities in forensic toxicology reports.</li><li>It can quickly separate and analyze compounds, enabling timely processing of forensic evidence, which is crucial in criminal investigations.</li><li>Combining GC with mass spectrometry enhances the ability to identify compounds with high accuracy, even in complex mixtures, by providing both separation and molecular identification.</li></ul><p>These advantages make gas chromatography a powerful tool in forensic investigations, aiding in the accurate detection and analysis of chemical substances found at crime scenes.</p><h4><strong>How Gas Chromatography Works?</strong></h4><p><strong>In simple terms, gas chromatography involves the following steps:</strong></p><ul><li><strong>Sample Introduction:</strong> A small amount of the sample is injected into the chromatograph.</li><li><strong>Vaporization:</strong> The sample is heated and vaporized.</li><li><strong>Carrier Gas:</strong> An inert gas, such as helium or nitrogen, carries the vaporized sample through a column containing a stationary phase.</li><li><strong>Separation:</strong> As the sample moves through the column, its components interact differently with the stationary phase, causing them to separate based on their chemical properties.</li><li><strong>Detection:</strong> Separated compounds exit the column and are detected, producing a chromatogram - a visual output that displays the presence and quantity of each component.</li></ul><h4><strong>Applications of Gas Chromatography in Forensics</strong></h4><p>GC is an important l tool in forensic science, offering a wide range of applications that aid in the investigation and resolution of criminal cases. Here are some of the key applications:</p><h5><strong>Drug Analysis and Toxicology</strong></h5><ul><li><strong>Drug Detection:</strong> GC is used to identify and quantify drugs in biological samples such as blood, urine, or hair. This helps determine if a suspect was under the influence during a crime and aids in postmortem toxicology to establish the cause of death.</li><li><strong>Toxicology:</strong> GC helps detect toxic substances like poisons, which is vital for determining the cause of death and intent in criminal cases.</li></ul><h5><strong>Arson Investigations</strong></h5><p>GC is used to analyze fire debris for accelerant residues, helping investigators determine the cause of fires and identify potential arson.</p><h5><strong>Crime Scene Analysis</strong></h5><p>GC can analyze samples from crime scenes, such as blood or fibers, to identify substances and potentially link suspects to the scene.</p><h5><strong>Forensic Pathology</strong></h5><p>GC helps analyze bodily fluids to determine if alcohol, drugs, or poisons were present at the time of death, aiding in pathology conclusions.</p><p>Forensic laboratories utilize advanced <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/industries/forensic-toxicology"><strong>forensic toxicology solutions</strong></a> to detect and analyze toxins and drugs in biological samples. Among these, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/techniques/gc"><strong>gas chromatography techniques</strong></a> are essential for separating and identifying volatile compounds in complex mixtures, enhancing the accuracy of toxicological analyses.</p><h4><strong>Challenges of Using GC in Forensics</strong></h4><p>Despite its advantages, there are several challenges and considerations that forensic scientists must address when using GC in their investigations.</p><ul><li>One of the primary limitations of GC is the coelution of compounds, where multiple substances elute from the column at the same time, making it difficult to separate, identify and quantity them correctly.</li><li>GC requires careful sample preparation, including extraction and cleanup procedures, which can be time-consuming and require specialized equipment and expertise. This complexity can delay analysis and increase costs.</li><li>GC is primarily suited for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. It is not suitable for many types of inorganic compounds or biopolymers, limiting its applicability in certain forensic contexts.</li><li>The presence of certain compounds in the sample can interfere with the accuracy of GC analysis, leading to false positives or false negatives. Additionally, matrix effects can affect the reliability of the results, requiring careful sample preparation and the use of internal standards to minimize these issues.</li></ul><h4><strong>Important Factors to Consider When Using GC for Forensics</strong></h4><ul><li>Ensuring that GC instruments are properly calibrated and validated is crucial for obtaining reliable results. Regular maintenance and quality control measures are essential to prevent instrument drift and ensure consistency in analysis. Specialized <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products?category=7&amp;manufacturerItems=50"><strong>gas chromatography</strong></a> products are employed, ensuring precise and reliable results in forensic investigations.</li><li>The interpretation of GC data requires expertise, as the chromatograms can be complex, especially in cases involving mixtures of substances. Experienced analysts are needed to accurately identify and quantify components.</li><li>Forensic GC analyses must comply with legal standards and regulations. This includes adhering to specific protocols for sample handling, analysis, and reporting to ensure that evidence is admissible in court.</li><li>Combining GC with other analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry (MS), can enhance its capabilities. For example, GC-MS is widely used in forensic analysis due to its ability to provide detailed information about the molecular weight and elemental composition of compounds.</li></ul><p>By understanding these challenges and considerations, forensic scientists can effectively utilize GC to analyze evidence.</p>

Role of Gas Chromatography in Forensics

<p><strong>Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezGCMS Library in the week of 12th October 2026? Check out new documents from the field of the gas phase, especially GC and GC/MS techniques!</strong></p><blockquote><p><span style="font-size:20px;">👉 </span><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library"><span style="font-size:20px;"><strong>SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT GCMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES</strong></span></a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><strong>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques?</strong> Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library"><strong>LabRulezLCMS</strong></a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library"><strong>LabRulezICPMS</strong></a> libraries.</p></blockquote><p>This week we bring you technical note by <strong>Agilent Technologies </strong>and application notes by<strong> LECO </strong>and<strong> Shimadzu!</strong></p><h3><strong>1. Agilent Technologies: The Role of Flow Path Inertness in GC Peak Shape</strong></h3><p><strong>Evaluating the Agilent Ultra Inert Focus Open inlet liner using 105 compounds from EPA method 8270</strong></p><ul><li>Technical note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/pdf/technical_overview_epa_8270_ultra_inert_focus_open_inlet_liner_5994_9487en_agilent_1f5ff6f5e7.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><section><div><div><div><div><div><div><p>Ultra Inert Focus inlet liners are designed to minimize this variability. Two internal focal points hold a bed of deactivated glass wool at a fixed position: the lower point sets wool placement, and the upper point maintains that position during use while moderating solvent-vapor expansion after injection. The result is more consistent sample introduction, reliable needle wiping, and improved injection-to-injection reproducibility, particularly for injection modes in which the sample is deposited directly onto the wool bed.<sup>4,5</sup> The large surface area of the glass wool also promotes more uniform heat transfer, improving the vaporization and column transfer of less volatile&nbsp;compounds.<sup>1,4&nbsp;</sup></p><p>Efficient sample introduction alone does not guarantee chromatographic performance. Once vaporized, analytes can encounter exposed silanol groups and other active sites within the inlet that may contribute to adsorption, catalytic degradation, and analyte loss.<sup>3,6</sup> The effect is usually most apparent for acidic, basic, polar, and otherwise reactive compounds, where these interactions can produce peak tailing, reduced recovery, and poor quantitative reproducibility.<sup>4,6</sup> Previous studies have shown that liner surface activity can affect active compound response, calibration behavior, and sensitivity<sup>6</sup> , and that improved deactivation of both the liner and the glass wool can reduce these effects.<sup>4</sup> Agilent Ultra Inert technology deactivates and minimizes residual activity within the liner, reducing the analyte interactions that can compromise recovery, peak shape, and quantitative performance.<sup>4,6</sup>&nbsp;</p><p>Active compounds interact with surfaces throughout the GC/MS flow path, so overall system inertness is an important consideration when evaluating inlet liner performance.<sup>7,8</sup> Liner performance is therefore assessed here within the broader context of flow path inertness rather than as an isolated inlet component. Both analytical columns used in this work, Agilent J&amp;W DB-5ms Ultra Inert and Agilent J&amp;W DB-5Q, come from the same development path toward inert, low-bleed GC/MS columns. The J&amp;W DB-5ms Ultra Inert is a premium phenyl arylene column, virtually equivalent to a (5%-phenyl)‑methylpolysiloxane phase, that pairs Ultra Inert surface deactivation with low-bleed chemistry.<sup>9</sup> Every column is individually inertness tested with a demanding probe mixture before release<sup>9,10</sup>, establishing a verified baseline of low surface activity that supports symmetric peak shapes, high signal-to-noise ratios, and reliable recovery for challenging semivolatile analytes such as acidic phenols, aromatic amines, and&nbsp;nitroaromatics.<sup>10,11&nbsp;</sup></p><p>The J&amp;W DB-5Q is the next generation of this premium column family, building on the DB-5ms UI design by combining Ultra Inert deactivation with ultralow‑bleed chemistry.<sup>12</sup> The DB-5Q phase retains DB-5ms-type selectivity, so existing 5ms-based methods and retention time libraries transfer directly<sup>12</sup>, while the ultralow-bleed chemistry further reduces the column bleed contribution to baseline rise and mass spectral interference during high-temperature operation.<sup>12,13</sup> The result is high signal-to-noise performance, mass spectral integrity, fast conditioning, and durability across general-use and trace‑level&nbsp;applications.</p><h4><strong>Peak shape and reproducibility&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Two 4 mm open-bottom inlet liners, the Agilent Ultra Inert Focus Open (part&nbsp;number 5190-7107) and the Agilent Standard Deactivation Focus Open (part&nbsp;number 210-4004-5), were evaluated on two premium Agilent columns, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=DB-5ms"><strong>DB-5ms UI</strong></a> (part number 122-5532UI) and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=DB-5Q"><strong>DB-5Q</strong></a> (part number 122-5532Q), for a total of four liner and column configurations. Performance was benchmarked with 105 semivolatile target compounds representative of EPA method 8270 (Table 1), chosen for their breadth of chemical classes and analyte behaviors rather than to define an intended application. Each compound was analyzed as five replicate injections of a 50 part per billion (ppb) standard solution with helium carrier gas on an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890"><strong>Agilent 8890 GC</strong></a> coupled to an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7000E"><strong>Agilent 7000E triple quadrupole GC/MS</strong></a> fitted with a 6&nbsp;mm source extractor lens.</p><h4><strong>Conclusion&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Neither the liner nor the column alone determined performance in this study; injection-to-injection precision and peak symmetry tracked the inertness of the flow path.&nbsp;</p><ul><li><strong>Flow path inertness drives performance.</strong> Pairing the Agilent Ultra Inert Focus Open inlet liner with the Agilent J&amp;W DB-5Q column gave the best peak shape and precision in the study: 76.2% of peaks in the ideal symmetry window (0.9 to 1.2) and 94.3% of compounds below 5% RSD.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Controlled wool placement improves reproducibility.</strong> Controlled wool placement in the Ultra Inert Focus Open inlet liner, combined with deactivation via Agilent Ultra Inert technology, produced the most consistent injection-to-injection performance tested, with a mean of 2.38% RSD.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Active analytes benefit the most. </strong>Pairing the Ultra Inert deactivation of the Focus Open inlet liner with the next-generation inertness of the J&amp;W DB-5Q column delivered the largest peak symmetry gains for the most surface-sensitive compounds: weak acids (70.7%), weak bases (77.5%), phenols and halogenated phenols (72%), and aromatic amines and azo compounds (92.7%).&nbsp;</li><li><strong>Agilent J&amp;W DB-5ms Ultra Inert remains an excellent column for EPA method 8270.</strong> Every J&amp;W DB-5ms UI configuration delivered excellent precision across the full 105-compound list, consistent with its individually verified inertness testing, and it remains a best-in-class choice across many semivolatile and general-purpose application spaces.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>The Agilent J&amp;W DB-5Q column further improves performance for active compounds.</strong> As the next generation of Ultra Inert, ultralow‑bleed column chemistry, J&amp;W DB-5Q extended the symmetry and precision gains to the analytes most likely to limit method robustness, while retaining DB‑5ms-type selectivity so existing methods and retention time libraries transfer&nbsp;directly.&nbsp;</li></ul><p>Together, the Ultra Inert Focus Open inlet liner and the J&amp;W DB-5Q column give analysts a practical way to align inlet inertness with column inertness, improving reproducibility and active‑compound peak shape.</p><h3><strong>2. LECO: The Utility of Pyrolysis with Enhanced Chromatography– Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Characterization of Nylon</strong></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/pdf/PEGBTX_4_D_NYLON_203_821_738_35cd638c83.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>Nylon is an engineered polymer that is synthesized through the reaction between dicarboxylic acid and diamine. It consists of a series of repeated amide groups that result in a polymer that has superior strength, durability, and abrasion resistance. Also featuring a low molecular weight and low cost of production, nylon is a popular choice within the world of polymers. Originally used as an alternative for silk, it quickly found many applications when WWII started in 1939, where it was used in textiles to create parachutes, ropes, and clothing for the war. Now, nylon can be found in anything from instruments like guitar strings to self-care products like toothbrushes.&nbsp;</p><p>Modern-day consumers are given a variety of options for toothbrushes. They can pick a toothbrush with medium, soft, or even extra soft bristles. Having different options for bristle types allows consumers to make choices that are closely tailored to their oral health needs. Most consumer toothbrushes use nylon for their bristles, the exception being premium or biodegradable toothbrushes that use polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In this application note, we utilized TD/Py-GCxGC-TOFMS for the characterization of nylon in typical consumer toothbrush bristles (Figure 1).</p><h4><strong>Experimental&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Toothbrushes were purchased from local pharmacies. Sample preparation involved cutting the bristles near the base using wire cutters without removing material from the toothbrush handle. One or two bristles (approximately 5 mm in length) were placed into 60 µL quartz microtubes, which were then transferred to quartz inlet liners for analysis.&nbsp;</p><p>Pyrolysis was carried out using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/1097"><strong>Pegasus BTX 4D instrument</strong></a><strong> </strong>equipped with a GL Sciences Optic 4 inlet.¹ GC-TOFMS and ® GCxGC-TOFMS data were processed using <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/41"><strong>ChromaTOF software</strong></a><strong> </strong>with automated peak finding and spectral deconvolution for untargeted workflows, including spectral similarity searches against extensive reference libraries and mass delta (ΔM) calculations for molecular ion evaluation.</p><h4><strong>Conclusion&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>The LECO Pegasus BTX 4D demonstrates exceptional capability for the characterization of polymeric materials, particularly when leveraging GCxGC-TOFMS. The enhanced chromatographic resolution and sensitivity provided by GCxGC generated rich, high quality pyrolysis spectral data, enabling robust and unambiguous characterization of key polymeric markers. In this study, characteristic markers associated with Nylon 6, Nylon 66, and polyethylene were confidently annotated from toothbrush bristles, underscoring the instrument’s suitability for real world industrial applications involving complex polymer matrices and consumer product analysis.</p><h3><strong>3. Shimadzu: Quantitative Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Five Edible Oil Samples by GCMS-TQ8050NX</strong></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/pdf/an_07_2605_en_0d1c7616d2.pdf"><strong>Full PDF for download</strong></a></li></ul><p>Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds containing two or more fused aromatic rings, formed primarily during the incomplete combustion of organic materials. PAHs are lipophilic organic contaminants that readily accumulate in lipid-rich foods such as edible oils and fats. Longterm exposure to PAHs increases the risk of cancer, harms the heart and lungs, and weakens the immune system. To protect consumer health, the European Commission (EU) 2023/915 has established maximum levels (MLs) for several PAHs[1] in edible oils and fats. Among all, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) serves as the primary marker compound, while compliance is based on the sum of four priority PAHs (PAH4): BaP, benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and chrysene (CHR) (Fig. 1). The maximum levels are 2 µg/kg for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 10 µg/kg for the sum of the four marker PAHs (PAH4). For coconut oil and cocoa butter, the maximum level for PAH4 is 20 µg/kg.&nbsp;</p><p>The analysis of PAHs in edible oils is challenging because the high triglyceride content and other matrix components can interfere with chromatographic analysis. Therefore, efficient sample extraction and cleanup procedures are recommended for trace-level determination. In the present study, Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid-Phase Extraction (MIP-SPE) was employed for extraction and cleanup. A highly sensitive GCMS/MS method was developed for 14 PAHs including regulated PAHs in five commonly used edible oils namely corn oil, olive oil, sesame oil, coconut oil and rice bran oil.</p><h4><strong>Materials and methods</strong></h4><p>The quantification of PAHs was carried out using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=8050+nx"><strong>Shimadzu GCMS-TQ8050 NX</strong></a>, equipped with the HTA 2800T “all-in-one GC autosampler”. This autosampler can perform liquid injections, headspace analysis as well as Solid - Phase Microextraction (SPME).</p><h4><strong>Conclusion</strong></h4><p>A highly sensitive GC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of 14 PAHs in five edible oils namely; olive oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, rice bran oil, and corn oil using the Shimadzu GCMS-TQ8050 NX.&nbsp;</p><p>Sample preparation was performed using AFFINIMIP® SPE PAHs Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid-Phase Extraction (MIP-SPE) columns, which provided effective cleanup and selective extraction of PAHs from the complex oil matrix.&nbsp;</p><p>The developed protocol is suitable for analyzing PAHs in complex, highly pigmented, and high-fat cooking oil matrices containing triglycerides, plant sterols, vitamins, and natural antioxidants.&nbsp;</p><p>Better recoveries were obtained for the heavier PAHs across the tested oil matrices, demonstrating the reliable performance of the MIP-SPE method. The results also satisfied the criteria specified in Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 for PAHs in edible oils.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></section>

News from LabRulezGCMS Library - Week 42, 2026

<p><span><strong>Autumn has already turned the leaves into vibrant shades, and with the end of the year approaching, we would like to thank you - before the first snowflakes arrive - for your trust, cooperation, and continued interest in our products and services.</strong></span></p><p><span>As a long-standing distributor of <strong>Thermo Scientific Finnpipette</strong> products, we know that the accuracy and reliability of laboratory results often begin with seemingly small details. 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Precision remains.</strong></span></h5><p><span>Finnpipette tips are proof of that.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Tip Offer</strong></span></h4><h5><span><strong>FT 200 FLEX Tips</strong></span></h5><ul><li><span><strong>Code:</strong> L94060320</span></li><li><span><strong>Pack size:</strong> 1,000 pcs</span></li><li><span><strong>LOT:</strong> 20165B0</span></li><li><span><strong>EXP:</strong> 20 June 2025</span></li><li><span><strong>Price: CZK 1,761 (30% discount)</strong></span></li></ul><h5><span><strong>FT 1000 Tips</strong></span></h5><ul><li><span><strong>Code:</strong> L9401070</span></li><li><span><strong>Pack size:</strong> 200 pcs/box</span></li><li><span><strong>LOT:</strong> 20346A0</span></li><li><span><strong>EXP:</strong> 20 December 2025</span></li><li><span><strong>Price: CZK 464 (30% discount)</strong></span></li></ul><h5><span><strong>Labtip Blue Tips</strong></span></h5><ul><li><span><strong>Code:</strong> L94300250</span></li><li><span><strong>Pack size:</strong> 60 pcs/rack</span></li><li><span><strong>LOT:</strong> 21104B2</span></li><li><span><strong>EXP:</strong> 20 April 2026</span></li><li><span><strong>Price: CZK 206 (20% discount)</strong></span></li></ul><h5><span><strong>FT Filter Sterile 10 µL Tips</strong></span></h5><ul><li><span><strong>Code:</strong> L94052100</span></li><li><span><strong>Pack size:</strong> 10 × 96 pcs/rack</span></li><li><span><strong>LOT:</strong> 21136B1</span></li><li><span><strong>EXP:</strong> 20 May 2026</span></li><li><span><strong>Price: CZK 3,740 (20% discount)</strong></span></li></ul><h4><span><strong>Types of Thermo Fisher Scientific Pipette Tips</strong></span></h4><h5><span><strong>FILTERED</strong></span></h5><ul><li><span>help prevent aerosol contamination,</span></li><li><span>suitable for PCR and critical samples.</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_s_filtrem_4eb500736e.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Filtered Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_s_filtrem_4eb500736e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="120"></p><h5><span><strong>NON-FILTERED</strong></span></h5><ul><li><span>economical and high quality,</span></li><li><span>suitable for routine samples.</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_bez_filtru_eea16c4ae1.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Non-Filtered Tips" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_bez_filtru_eea16c4ae1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="442" height="147"></p><h5><span><strong>EXTENDED-LENGTH</strong></span></h5><ul><li><span>allow deeper access while helping reduce contamination risk,</span></li><li><span>suitable for tissue culture, media preparation, and tall laboratory vessels.</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_prodlouzene_2005b4125f.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Extended-Length Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_prodlouzene_2005b4125f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="407" height="118"></p><h5><strong>MICRO</strong></h5><ul><li><span>improve accuracy for low-volume samples and support efficient sample transfer,</span></li><li><span>suitable for critical and valuable samples and low-volume pipetting.</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_micro_9b5879704a.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Micro Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_micro_9b5879704a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="435" height="115"></p><h5><strong>MACRO</strong></h5><ul><li><span>improve accuracy when working with larger sample volumes,</span></li><li><span>can serve as an alternative to serological pipettes.</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_macro_8fb12684a7.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Macro Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_macro_8fb12684a7.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="395" height="121"></p><h5><span><strong>WIDE-BORE</strong></span></h5><ul><li><span>the wide opening helps prevent cell lysis and improves accuracy when working with viscous solutions,</span></li><li><span>suitable for cell handling, macromolecular structures such as DNA, and highly viscous solutions.</span></li></ul><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_siroky_otvor_9d6ad5537e.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Wide-Bore Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_siroky_otvor_9d6ad5537e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="397" height="127"></p>

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Breathomics, Asthma & GC×GC: PH Stefanuto on Fighting the “Proof‑of‑Concept” Trap

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The main mission of the Faculty of Science is to create highly qualified experts in biology, chemistry, geography, geology and in other interdisciplinary fields. Its scientific and research effort aims to solve key problems concerned with the development of human society. Some of the priority long-term subjects are human health, the study of the function and prediction of the development of ecosystems and the biosphere, and the development of environmentally-friendly materials based on the utilization of renewable resources.

Přírodovědecká fakulta Univerzity Karlovy

RAFA provides an overview of contemporary trends in ANALYTICAL & BIOANALYTICAL STRATEGIES IN FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY CONTROL and discusses CHALLENGES / NOVEL APPROACHES IN FOOD AND NATURAL PRODUCTS ANALYSIS.

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Analytika is a Czech company that offers and produces certified reference materials (CRM) and (ultra)pure chemicals for quality control and quality assurance in laboratories, including accredited laboratories.

Our portfolio also includes pipettes and tips, digestors, PFA labware and other equipment for analytical laboratory and trace analysis.

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Phenomenex is a global technology leader committed to developing novel analytical chemistry solutions that solve the separation and purification challenges of researchers in industrial, government and academic laboratories.

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Organomation, founded in 1959, designs and manufactures high-quality nitrogen evaporators and extraction systems. Known for innovation and durability, their lab instruments are used globally for efficient sample preparation with strong customer support.

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In 1936, the Laboratory Equipment Company introduced the first rapid carbon determinator for the American iron and steel industry.  Today, almost 80 years later, LECO is recognized globally as a leader in the development of high-quality analytical instrumentation, mass spectrometers, comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography, metallography & optical equipment as well as consumables.

Breathomics, Asthma & GC×GC: PH Stefanuto on Fighting the “Proof‑of‑Concept” Trap

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