A team from CEITEC Masaryk University (MUNI) in collaboration with researchers from two research institutes in Norway has, for the first time, captured how echovirus 18, a member of the enterovirus genus, releases its genetic material into cells to initiate infection. The study provides a structural view of an early stage of viral infection under near-native conditions. Using cryo-electron microscopy, the researchers discovered that the virus does not release its RNA through a small pore in its capsid, as had long been assumed. Instead, its protein shell partially disassembles, creating a large opening through which the viral genetic material escapes into the host cell. A detailed understanding of this genome release mechanism could eventually help develop compounds preventing enteroviruses from infecting cells.Enteroviruses are common human pathogens causing diseases ranging from the common cold and gastrointestinal infections to severe neurological disorders. Echovirus 18, the virus investigated in this study, is known primarily as a cause of meningitis and encephalitis in children. It belongs to the picornaviruses, a family of small, non-enveloped viruses whose genetic material is protected by a protein shell, the capsid, organized with icosahedral symmetry.To replicate within a cell, the enteroviruses must release their RNA – the molecule that carries viral genetic information – from the capsid, into the cell cytoplasm. Although this step is crucial for initiating infection, it has never been observed in infected cells.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vedci_z_CEITEC_jako_prvni_zachytili_jak_enteroviry_spousteji_infekci_bunek_71d553bb0e.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Plevka Lab: CEITEC Scientists Are the First to Capture How Enteroviruses Initiate Infection: View into a cell infected by echovirus 18. Echovirus 18 is shown in green and yellow, ribosomes in violet, and actin filaments in cyan. Scale 50 nm. " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vedci_z_CEITEC_jako_prvni_zachytili_jak_enteroviry_spousteji_infekci_bunek_71d553bb0e.jpg 221w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1128">“For a long time, two main theories existed about how picornaviruses deliver their RNA genomes into cells. One proposed that the genome leaves the capsid through a small opening. The other, supported by earlier work from our laboratory, suggested that the genome escapes from partially disassembled capsids missing pentamers of capsid proteins. However, both models were based on experiments with virus particles outside cells. We wanted to go one step further and see what really happens during infection inside a cell,” says <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ceitec.eu/liya-mukhamedova-ph-d/u89248?page=publication">Liya Mukhamedova</a>, the study’s first author from CEITEC MUNI.Using cryo-electron microscopy, which allows scientists to visualize biological structures at exceptionally high resolution, the researchers observed individual echovirus 18 particles directly within infected cells. They discovered that empty virus particles in infected cells lack parts of their capsids. It is through these openings that the virus releases its RNA.The study also revealed the role of the FcRn receptor, a cell-surface molecule that enteroviruses use to enter cells. The binding of the virus to the receptor triggers structural changes in the viral particle that prime it for subsequent genome release. The team showed that receptor binding causes the loss of the so-called pocket factor, a small molecule that normally helps stabilize the virus particle. The virus otherwise remains largely intact, suggesting that receptor binding is only the first step toward uncoating, while additional factors within the cell are required to complete the process and trigger genome release.“Infection is a complex process, during which enterovirus particles sense various interactions with cell components. The binding of echovirus 18 to the FcRn host-cell receptor triggers conformational changes in the virus, priming it for genome release.” – explains <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ceitec.eu/pavel-plevka-ph-d/u26854">Pavel Plevka</a>, head of the Structural Virology Research Group.The researchers did not observe the so-called activated particles that are key intermediates in the enterovirus uncoating process. This suggests that genome release in cells occurs much faster than previous experiments had suggested.By combining structural data obtained from studies of virus particles outside living cells with observations of infected cells, the study offers a picture of how enterovirus infection begins. Moving beyond simplified experiments with isolated virus particles, it brings scientists closer to understanding the earliest stages of enterovirus infection as they occur in living cells. The study, was published in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2601182123">PNAS journal</a>.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Vedci_z_CEITEC_jako_prvni_zachytili_jak_enteroviry_spousteji_infekci_bunek_2_3601bf1df9.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Plevka Lab: CEITEC Scientists Are the First to Capture How Enteroviruses Initiate Infection: Reconstructions of E18 particles from infected cells. The particles are rainbow-colored based on the distance from the particle center. Scale 10 nm." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Vedci_z_CEITEC_jako_prvni_zachytili_jak_enteroviry_spousteji_infekci_bunek_2_3601bf1df9.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="906"><blockquote><h4>Article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2601182123">Particles of echovirus 18 open to release their genomes in vivo</a></h4>Liya Mukhamedova, David Buchta, Zuzana Trebichalská, Yevgen Levdansky, Jana Moravcová, David Potěšil, Zbyněk Zdráhal, Dominik Hřebík, Lucie Nepovímová, Torleif Tollefsrud Gjølberg, Jan Terje Andersen, Jiří Nováček, Tibor Füzik, and Pavel PlevkaProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2026, 123, e2601182123<div>&nbsp;</div><div><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2601182123">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2601182123</a></div><h6>licenced under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>Enteroviruses cause a broad spectrum of human diseases, ranging from mild respiratory or gastrointestinal infections to severe neurological disorders such as aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Enterovirus cell entry involves receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by destabilizing rearrangements of the virus capsid that enable genome release. However, the mechanism of enterovirus genome release has not been visualized in infected cells. Here, we used cryoelectron tomography and microscopy to image echovirus 18 (E18) entry into host cells and its interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). 30 min postinfection, endosomes and cytoplasm contained empty capsids missing one or several pentamers of capsid proteins, providing evidence that in vivo E18 releases its genome through capsid opening. In vitro, FcRn binding induced the expulsion of pocket factors from hydrophobic pockets in VP1, priming the virus for uncoating. The cryoelectron microscopy reconstruction of genome-containing particles of E18 inside infected cells did not reveal pocket factors, indicating that receptor binding triggers the same priming process during infection. We did not detect activated particles in infected cells, suggesting that these intermediates are short-lived and rapidly release their genomes in vivo. Our results identify capsid opening as the in vivo mechanism of echovirus 18 genome release, providing structural evidence for a process previously only inferred from in vitro experiments.

CEITEC Scientists Are the First to Capture How Enteroviruses Initiate Infection 

Gas chromatography (GC) is a powerful analytical technique used to separate and analyze compounds in a mixture. Whether you're working in pharmaceuticals, environmental testing, or food safety, understanding the key components of a gas chromatograph is essential for accurate and efficient results.In this article, we will delve into the primary components of gas chromatography, including the injector, column, detector, and carrier gas—and explain how each plays a critical role in the separation and analysis process.By mastering these elements, you can optimize your GC setup for precise and reliable outcomes. Let's explore each component in detail:<h3>Sample Injector</h3>The injector is the starting point in the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.phenomenex.com/techniques/gc">gas chromatography process</a>, where the sample is introduced into the system. In GC, the sample must be vaporized into a gas before it enters the column. The injector serves this purpose by heating the sample to its gaseous state. There are many types of injectors, Split/Splitless, PTV, on column.The most common injector is the Split/Splitless injector that can be used in split mode or in splitless mode:<ul><li>Split Injection: This mode allows a portion of the sample to be sent to the column while the remainder is vented. It is useful for high-concentration samples to prevent system overload.</li><li>Splitless Injection: In this mode, the entire sample is introduced into the column, making it ideal for trace analysis where even minute quantities need detection.</li></ul>Proper choice of injector type and proper control of injection conditions, such as temperature, sample size, injection mode are crucial for achieving reproducible and reliable results.<h3>Carrier Gas</h3>In gas chromatography, the mobile phase is represented by carrier gas, which transports the vaporized sample through the column. The carrier gas is an inert gas, such as helium, nitrogen, or hydrogen. The choice of carrier gas can influence the efficiency of the separation process.<ul><li>Helium is the most used carrier gas due to its inertness and high flow rate.</li><li>Hydrogen offers faster analysis times but requires careful handling due to its flammability.</li><li>Nitrogen provides a cheaper solution compared to Helium, although it's slower than helium or hydrogen.</li></ul>The flow rate and pressure of the carrier gas need to be carefully controlled to ensure that the sample moves smoothly through the system and adequate efficiency is generated.<h3>Column/Stationary Phase</h3>The column is the heart of the gas chromatograph, where the actual separation of compounds occurs. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/products?category=7&amp;manufacturerItems=50">GC columns</a> are typically long, thin tubes made from stainless steel or fused silica. They are coated with a stationary phase, which interacts with the components of the sample as they pass through.<ul><li>Packed Columns: These contain small particles of stationary phase material and generally have a larger volume. While they are less efficient than capillary columns, they can be suitable for specific applications.</li><li>Capillary Columns: These thin tubes are coated with a stationary phase, offering higher resolution and faster analysis times due to their smaller diameter.</li></ul>The length, diameter, and type of stationary phase of the column are important factors that affect the efficiency and selectivity of the separation. The choice of stationary phase (polar or non-polar; liquid-coated or solid) affects how different compounds interact with it.As the sample moves through the column, compounds separate based on volatility and their affinity for the stationary phase, resulting in distinct peaks in the chromatogram.<h3>Detector</h3>Once the sample has passed through the column, it reaches the detector, where individual components are identified and measured. There are several types of detectors, each suited to different applications:<ul><li>Flame Ionization Detector (FID): One of the most commonly used detectors in GC. It measures ions produced when organic compounds are burned in a hydrogen-air flame. FID is highly sensitive to a wide range of organic compounds and offers a broad linear dynamic range.</li><li>Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD): Detects changes in the thermal conductivity of the gas stream as analytes elute from the column. It is a universal, non-destructive detector, but is generally less sensitive than FID.</li><li>Electron capture detector (ECD): A very sensitive and selective detector used to detect chlorinated compounds it is easily contaminated and requires very pure and dry carrier and makeup gases and difficult maintenance.</li><li>Mass Spectrometer (MS): Provides structural information, aiding in both identification and quantification. Requires advanced and trained users and it’s difficult to maintain.</li></ul>The choice of detector depends on the type of analysis being performed and the sensitivity required. Each detector converts physical or chemical changes associated with the analytes into a measurable signal, producing a chromatogram that reflects concentration and retention time.<h3>Data System</h3>Although not a physical part of the chromatograph, the data system plays an integral role in processing and interpreting the signals generated by the detector. Modern gas chromatographs are equipped with software that converts detector signals into chromatograms—visual representations of the separation process. The software allows users to quantify and identify the components of the sample based on retention times and peak areas.<h3>How to Read a Gas Chromatogram?</h3>Interpreting a gas chromatogram involves understanding its essential elements, such as peaks, retention times, and the overall data for qualitative and quantitative analysis.<h4>The Nature of the Sample</h4>Begin by considering the sample's characteristics; different samples, such as environmental pollutants or food components, may exhibit distinct peak patterns. Recognizing the baseline (the flat line representing the signal without analytes) is crucial for identifying peaks accurately. While well-defined peaks indicate successful separation of components, poorly shaped or broad peaks may suggest issues with the separation process. For instance, if a mixture is injected and three peaks are observed, it indicates the presence of three different compounds in the sample. Conversely, when evaluating the purity of a sample, one would anticipate observing a single peak. Ideally, the chromatogram should reflect this expectation, confirming the sample's purity.<h4>The Identity of the Sample</h4>Retention time (Rt) is a critical factor in identifying the compounds present in the sample. Each analyte has a characteristic retention time that can be compared to known standards or literature. To confirm identities, a standard mixture should run alongside the sample; this allows to correlate retention times with specific compounds. If available, utilizing MS in conjunction with gas chromatography (GC-MS) can provide additional structural information, enhancing identification accuracy. With HR-MS or MS-MS detectors, unknown compounds can be identified by matching perfectly the Molecular weight or by matching the fragmentation pattern.<h4>The Amount of Sample</h4>Quantifying analytes involves analyzing peak area or height, which is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte in the sample. A calibration curve constructed from known concentrations can help relate peak areas to actual concentrations. It is essential to consider the detector’s sensitivity and the limits of detection, as peaks below a certain threshold may not provide reliable quantification.

Basic Principles of Gas Chromatography - Separation and Analysis

ISC 2026 - Day 2

Article

Events

Academy

Science and research

Since its establishment in 2011, CEITEC has quickly developed into a cutting-edge infrastructure for research which performs highly alongside the best institutes in Europe. Among the main priorities of CEITEC are the promotion of a motivating and dynamic international scientific environment, the provision of state-of-the-art research infrastructure, and the policy of open communication and equal opportunities.

CEITEC

Phenomenex is a global technology leader committed to developing novel analytical chemistry solutions that solve the separation and purification challenges of researchers in industrial, government and academic laboratories.

Phenomenex

The International Symposium on Chromatography (ISC) represents the oldest conference series focussing on separation science. ISC symposia have been organised since 1956 in each even year. ISC is internationally recognised as one of the premier meeting series for discussion of all modes of chromatography and separation science with a broad coverage of techniques and applications.

International Symposium on Chromatography - (ISC)

Follistatin Analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of follistatin in lyophilised vials and raw API powders, confirming identity and determining the amount of the compound.

The Follistatin Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of follistatin in lyophilised vials and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.For lyophilised samples, results are reported in milligrams per vial. Raw API powders can be evaluated using an alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m). Follistatin is a protein rather than a peptide, and peptide purity is therefore not determined as part of this analysis.<h4>About Follistatin</h4>Follistatin is a naturally occurring glycoprotein that binds activin with high affinity and regulates its biological activity. It also interacts with other members of the TGF-β superfamily and has been studied in connection with processes including muscle growth, reproduction, and tissue regulation.Follistatin occurs in several molecular forms and is widely used as a research target in studies of activin signalling and related biological pathways.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of follistatin</li><li>Suitable for lyophilised vials and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for lyophilised samples reported in mg per vial</li><li>Alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount of one whole unopened vial with lyophilisate</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 30 mg for raw API powder</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: Follistatin</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Result format for lyophilisate: mg per vial</li><li>Alternative result format: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount for lyophilisate: One whole unopened vial with lyophilisate</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powder: 30 mg in a sealed glass vial to prevent the sample from absorbing moisture</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>Follistatin is a protein rather than a peptide. Peptide purity is therefore not measured as part of this analysis.</li><li>For lyophilised samples, one whole unopened vial containing lyophilisate is required.</li><li>Raw API powder should be supplied as at least 30 mg in a sealed glass vial to minimise moisture absorption.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>pH Measurement</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products?search=Endotoxin">Endotoxin Analysis</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">LCMS Screening For Peptide Contamination</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2527">Sterility Testing (TAMC + TYMC)</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

L-Carnitine analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of L-carnitine in tablets, capsules, liquid samples, and raw API powders, confirming identity and determining content.

The L-Carnitine Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of L-carnitine in oral dosage forms, liquid samples, and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.The analysis is suitable for tablets and capsules, with results reported in milligrams per tablet or capsule, as well as liquid samples, with results reported in mg/ml. Raw API powders can be evaluated using an alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m).<h4>About L-Carnitine</h4>L-carnitine is a naturally occurring compound involved in mitochondrial fatty-acid metabolism. Its primary biological role is to transport long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane, enabling their subsequent beta-oxidation and use as a source of cellular energy.In the human body, L-carnitine is obtained from dietary sources and can also be synthesised endogenously from the amino acids lysine and methionine. It is concentrated particularly in tissues with high energy demands, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, and is also used therapeutically in the management of primary and secondary carnitine deficiencies.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of L-carnitine</li><li>Suitable for tablets, capsules, liquid samples, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported in mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Results for liquid samples reported in mg/ml</li><li>Alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum liquid sample amount of 0.5–1 ml</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 200 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: L-Carnitine</li><li>CAS number: 541-15-1</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Result format for oral products: mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Result format for liquid samples: mg/ml</li><li>Alternative result format: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount for oral products: Three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount for liquid samples: 0.5–1 ml</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders: 200 mg</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>This analysis is specifically intended for L-carnitine. It does not automatically screen the sample for related carnitine derivatives, contaminants, or undeclared substances unless an additional screening service is ordered.</li><li>Purity reporting in % (m/m) is available as an alternative result format.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>pH Measurement</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">LCMS Screening For Peptide Contamination</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

Lipo-C (L-Carnitine content, L-Arginine Content, B12 Content, Total Solids)

Lipo-C analysis determines L-carnitine, L-arginine, vitamin B12, and total solids content, with target compounds analysed by HPLC.

The Lipo-C Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to determine the content of L-carnitine, L-arginine, and vitamin B12, together with the total solids content of a Lipo-C sample.The target compounds are analysed by HPLC, with results reported in mg/ml. Total solids provide an additional measure of the overall amount of solid material present in the sample, helping assess the composition of the formulation beyond the individual quantified compounds.<h4>About the Analyzed Compounds</h4>L-carnitine is involved in mitochondrial fatty-acid metabolism and facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation. L-arginine is an amino acid involved in several metabolic pathways and serves as a precursor for nitric oxide synthesis.Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential micronutrient that functions as a cofactor for enzymes involved in important metabolic reactions and DNA synthesis.Total solids represent the overall solid material present in a sample, including dissolved and suspended material. This measurement complements the targeted determination of L-carnitine, L-arginine, and vitamin B12.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted determination of L-carnitine, L-arginine, and vitamin B12</li><li>Total solids determination included</li><li>Analysis of target compounds by HPLC</li><li>Results reported in mg/ml</li><li>Suitable for Lipo-C liquid samples</li><li>Minimum sample amount of one whole unopened vial</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compounds: L-Carnitine, L-Arginine, Vitamin B12</li><li>Additional determination: Total Solids</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Result format: mg/ml</li><li>Minimum sample amount: One whole unopened vial</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>This analysis is specifically designed to determine L-carnitine, L-arginine, vitamin B12, and total solids in a Lipo-C sample.</li><li>The analysis does not automatically screen the sample for other active compounds, ingredients, contaminants, or undeclared substances.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>pH Measurement</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2522">Endotoxin Analysis</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">LCMS Screening For Peptide Contamination</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2527">Sterility Testing (TAMC + TYMC)</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

NAD+ analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of NAD+ in tablets, capsules, and raw API powders, confirming compound identity and determining its amount.

The NAD+ Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of NAD+ in oral dosage forms and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.The analysis is suitable for tablets and capsules, with results reported in milligrams per tablet or capsule. Raw API powders can be evaluated using an alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m). NAD+ is not a peptide, and peptide purity is therefore not determined as part of this analysis.<h4>About NAD+</h4>NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the oxidized form of an essential cellular coenzyme involved in redox reactions and energy metabolism. It accepts electrons during metabolic reactions and is converted to its reduced form, NADH, which participates in cellular energy production.NAD+ is present throughout cellular metabolism and plays an important role in maintaining the balance between oxidation and reduction reactions required for normal cellular function.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of NAD+</li><li>Suitable for tablets, capsules, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported in mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 200 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: NAD+</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Minimum amount of target compound for evaluation: Less than 1/20 of the usual dosage per vial</li><li>Result format for oral products: mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Result format for raw API powders: m/m purity in % [98%+, 96%+ or % value such as 94.15%]</li><li>Minimum sample amount for oral products: Three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders: 200 mg</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>NAD+ is not a peptide. Peptide purity is therefore not measured as part of this analysis.</li><li>This analysis is specifically intended for NAD+. It does not automatically screen the sample for related compounds, degradation products, contaminants, or undeclared substances unless an additional screening service is ordered.</li><li>The stated detection limit cutoff is less than 1/20 of the usual dosage per vial.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>pH Measurement</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2522">Endotoxin Analysis</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2526">CHNS Mass Report</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">LCMS Screening For Peptide Contamination</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

NMN (Nikotinamid mononukleotid) analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of NMN in pills, tablets, capsules, and raw API powders. The test confirms compound identity and determines its content.

The NMN Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in oral dosage forms and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.The analysis is suitable for pills, tablets, and capsules, with results reported in milligrams per tablet or capsule. Raw API powders can be evaluated using an alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m).<h4>About NMN</h4>Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a naturally occurring nucleotide and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2546">NAD+</a>). NMN is converted to NAD+ by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs).NAD+ is an essential cellular coenzyme involved in energy metabolism, redox reactions, and numerous enzymatic processes. NMN has therefore been studied as an NAD+ precursor in both preclinical and clinical research.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of NMN</li><li>Suitable for pills, tablets, capsules, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported in mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Purity reporting in % (m/m) for raw API powders</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 200 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: Nicotinamide mononucleotide</li><li>Other name: NMN</li><li>CAS number: 1094-61-7</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Result format for oral products: mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Result format for raw API powders: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount for oral products: Three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders: 200 mg</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>NMN is not a peptide. Peptide purity is therefore not measured as part of this analysis.</li><li>This analysis is specifically intended for NMN. It does not automatically screen the sample for related compounds, degradation products, contaminants, or undeclared substances.</li><li>Purity reporting in % (m/m) is available only for raw API powders.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m) – only for raw API powders</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">LCMS Screening For Peptide Contamination</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

Sibutramine analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of sibutramine in pills, tablets, capsules, and raw API powders. The test confirms compound identity and determines its content.

The Sibutramine Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of sibutramine in oral dosage forms and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.The analysis is suitable for pills, tablets, and capsules, with results reported in milligrams per tablet or capsule. Raw API powders can be evaluated by percentage content, with optional purity reporting in % (m/m).<h4>About Sibutramine</h4>Sibutramine is a serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that was formerly used as a weight-management medicine. By inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, it affects neurotransmitter signalling involved in appetite and satiety.Sibutramine-containing medicines were suspended in the European Union and withdrawn from the U.S. market after clinical data showed an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of sibutramine</li><li>Suitable for pills, tablets, capsules, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported in mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Results for raw API powders reported as percentage content</li><li>Optional purity reporting in % (m/m) for raw API powders</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 200 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: Sibutramine</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Minimum amount of target compound for evaluation in oral products: 4 mg per pill, tablet, or capsule</li><li>Minimum content of target compound for evaluation in raw API powders: 5%</li><li>Result format for oral products: mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Result format for raw API powders: % [98%+, 96%+ or % value such as 94.15%]</li><li>Minimum sample amount for oral products: Three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders: 200 mg</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>This analysis is specifically intended for sibutramine. It does not automatically screen the sample for related compounds, contaminants, or undeclared substances.</li><li>For oral products, the minimum amount of sibutramine required for evaluation is 4 mg per pill, tablet, or capsule. For raw API powders, the minimum content is 5%. Samples below these values may not be reliably evaluated within the standard scope of the analysis.</li><li>Purity reporting in % (m/m) is available only for raw API powders.</li><li>Laboratory confirmation of sibutramine content should not be interpreted as confirmation that a product is safe for human use.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m) – only for raw API powders</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">GCMS Contamination Screening</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

SLU-PP-332 analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of SLU-PP-332 in oral products, lyophilised vials, and raw API powders for identity confirmation and amount determination.

The SLU-PP-332 Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of SLU-PP-332 in oral dosage forms, lyophilised vials, and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.The analysis is suitable for pills, tablets, and capsules, with results reported in milligrams per tablet or capsule, as well as lyophilised vials, with results reported in milligrams per vial. Raw API powders can be evaluated using an alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m). SLU-PP-332 is not a peptide, and peptide purity is therefore not determined as part of this analysis.<h4>About SLU-PP-332</h4>SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic research compound that acts as an agonist of the estrogen-related receptors ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ. These nuclear receptors regulate genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty-acid oxidation.SLU-PP-332 has been investigated primarily in preclinical studies. In mouse models, activation of ERR signalling by SLU-PP-332 has been associated with increased oxidative skeletal muscle fibres, improved exercise endurance, increased energy expenditure, and enhanced fatty-acid oxidation.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of SLU-PP-332</li><li>Suitable for pills, tablets, capsules, lyophilised vials, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported in mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Results for lyophilised samples reported in mg per vial</li><li>Alternative purity reporting in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount of one whole unopened vial with lyophilisate</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 200 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: SLU-PP-332</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Result format for oral products: mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Result format for lyophilised vials: mg per vial</li><li>Result format for raw API powders: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount for oral products: Three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount for lyophilised vials: One whole unopened vial with lyophilisate</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders: 200 mg</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>SLU-PP-332 is not a peptide. Peptide purity is therefore not measured as part of this analysis.</li><li>For lyophilised SLU-PP-332 samples, the standard testing procedure uses water (H₂O) as the solvent. However, SLU-PP-332 is poorly soluble in water, and insoluble material may therefore be filtered out before analysis. Only dissolved material can be analysed.</li><li>DMSO can be selected as an alternative solvent because it dissolves SLU-PP-332 more effectively. However, samples dissolved in DMSO are not suitable for injection or human use. To use DMSO for the analysis, select the DMSO solvent option from the additional services.</li><li>This analysis is specifically intended for SLU-PP-332. It does not automatically screen the sample for related compounds, contaminants, or undeclared substances.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Solvent: DMSO</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2526">CHNS Mass Report</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">LCMS Screening for Peptide Contamination</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

T3 analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of T3 (liothyronine) in pills, tablets, capsules, and raw API powders, confirming identity and determining content.

The T3 Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of T3 (liothyronine) in oral dosage forms and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.The analysis is suitable for pills, tablets, and capsules, with results reported per tablet or capsule. Raw API powders can be evaluated by percentage content, with optional purity reporting in % (m/m).<h4>About T3</h4>T3, or triiodothyronine, is a naturally occurring thyroid hormone involved in the regulation of metabolism, growth, and energy utilisation. Liothyronine is the synthetic form of T3 used in pharmaceutical preparations.Liothyronine sodium is used clinically as thyroid hormone replacement therapy, particularly in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Cytomel is one of the established trade names for liothyronine sodium.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of T3</li><li>Suitable for pills, tablets, capsules, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported per tablet or capsule</li><li>Results for raw API powders reported as percentage content</li><li>Optional purity reporting in % (m/m) for raw API powders</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 200 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: T3</li><li>Other names: Cytomel, Tiromel, liothyronine sodium</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Minimum amount of target compound for evaluation in oral products: 15 mcg per pill, tablet, or capsule</li><li>Minimum content of target compound for evaluation in raw API powders: 5%</li><li>Result format for oral products: mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Result format for raw API powders: % [98%+, 96%+ or % value such as 94.15%]</li><li>Minimum sample amount for oral products: Three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders: 200 mg</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>This analysis is specifically intended for T3. It does not automatically screen the sample for other thyroid hormones, related compounds, contaminants, or undeclared substances.</li><li>For oral products, the minimum amount of T3 required for evaluation is 15 mcg per pill, tablet, or capsule. For raw API powders, the minimum content is 5%. Samples below these values may not be reliably evaluated within the standard scope of the analysis.</li><li>Purity reporting in % (m/m) is available only for raw API powders.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m) – only for raw API powders</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">GCMS Contamination Screening</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

T4 analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of T4 (thyroxine) in pills, tablets, capsules, and raw API powders, confirming identity and determining content.

The T4 Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of T4 (thyroxine) in oral dosage forms and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.The analysis is suitable for pills, tablets, and capsules, with results reported in micrograms per tablet or capsule. Raw API powders can be evaluated by percentage content, with optional purity reporting in % (m/m).<h4>About T4</h4>T4, or thyroxine, is the major thyroid hormone produced and secreted by the thyroid gland. It plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism, growth, development, and energy utilisation. Much of circulating T4 is converted in peripheral tissues to the more biologically active thyroid hormone <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2550">T3</a>.Levothyroxine is the synthetic form of T4 and is widely used as thyroid hormone replacement therapy, particularly in the treatment of hypothyroidism.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of T4</li><li>Suitable for pills, tablets, capsules, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported in mcg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Results for raw API powders reported as percentage content</li><li>Optional purity reporting in % (m/m) for raw API powders</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 200 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: T4</li><li>Other name: Thyroxine</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Minimum amount of target compound for evaluation in oral products: 15 mcg per pill, tablet, or capsule</li><li>Minimum content of target compound for evaluation in raw API powders: 5%</li><li>Result format for oral products: mcg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Result format for raw API powders: % [98%+, 96%+ or % value such as 94.15%]</li><li>Minimum sample amount for oral products: Three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders: 200 mg</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>This analysis is specifically intended for T4. It does not automatically screen the sample for other thyroid hormones, related compounds, contaminants, or undeclared substances.</li><li>For oral products, the minimum amount of T4 required for evaluation is 15 mcg per pill, tablet, or capsule. For raw API powders, the minimum content is 5%. Samples below these values may not be reliably evaluated within the standard scope of the analysis.</li><li>Purity reporting in % (m/m) is available only for raw API powders.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m) – only for raw API powders</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">GCMS Contamination Screening</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

Tesofensine analysis

Targeted HPLC analysis of tesofensine in oral products, lyophilised vials, and raw API powders for identity confirmation and amount determination.

The Tesofensine Analysis is a targeted laboratory test designed to confirm the identity and determine the amount of tesofensine in oral dosage forms, lyophilised vials, and raw active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) powders.The analysis is suitable for pills, tablets, and capsules, with results reported in milligrams per tablet or capsule, as well as lyophilised samples, with results reported in milligrams per vial. Raw API powders can be evaluated using an alternative result format based on purity in % (m/m). Tesofensine is not a peptide, and peptide purity is therefore not determined as part of this analysis.<h4>About Tesofensine</h4>Tesofensine is a centrally acting monoamine reuptake inhibitor that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. Its effects on these neurotransmitter systems have been investigated primarily in relation to appetite regulation and body weight.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Targeted identification and quantification of tesofensine</li><li>Suitable for pills, tablets, capsules, lyophilised vials, and raw API powders</li><li>Analysis by HPLC</li><li>Results for oral products reported in mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Results for lyophilised samples reported in mg per vial</li><li>Alternative purity reporting in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount of three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount of one whole unopened vial with lyophilisate</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 30 mg for raw API powders</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compound: Tesofensine</li><li>CAS number: 195875-84-4</li><li>Testing method: HPLC</li><li>Result format for oral products: mg per tablet or capsule</li><li>Result format for lyophilised samples: mg per vial</li><li>Result format for raw API powders: Purity in % (m/m)</li><li>Minimum sample amount for oral products: Three tablets or capsules</li><li>Minimum sample amount for lyophilised samples: One whole unopened vial with lyophilisate</li><li>Minimum sample amount for raw API powders: 30 mg in a sealed glass vial to prevent the sample from absorbing moisture</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>Tesofensine is not a peptide. Peptide purity is therefore not measured as part of this analysis.</li><li>This analysis is specifically intended for tesofensine. It does not automatically screen the sample for related compounds, degradation products, contaminants, or undeclared substances.</li><li>For raw API powders, at least 30 mg should be supplied in a sealed glass vial to minimise moisture absorption.</li><li>Purity reporting in % (m/m) is available for raw API powders.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Complete Raw Analytical Data</li><li>Alternative Result Format: Purity in % (m/m) – only for raw API powders</li><li>Batch Variance Testing</li><li>Fentanyl Screening</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2524">LCMS Screening for Peptide Contamination</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)</a></li><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

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