Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are where so much of biology’s complexity lives, but they are also some of the hardest molecular features to analyze with confidence. Phosphorylation, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and O-GlcNAcylation (O-GlcNAc) often occur at low abundance, can be highly labile, and frequently require precise site localization to understand their biological meaning. This<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/tn_004377_ov_phosphorylation_ptm_etd_excedion_pro_tn004377_na_en_71f681655f.pdf"> technical note </a>shows how the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1958">Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Excedion Pro Hybrid Mass Spectrometer</a> helps address those challenges by combining fast, sensitive performance with complementary <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/article/7217">HCD and EThcD fragmentation</a> workflows.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Phosphorylation_ADMA_and_O_Glc_N_Ac_Analysis_on_the_Orbitrap_Excedion_Pro_Mass_Spectrometer_d24a5de98e.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: Phosphorylation, ADMA, and O-GlcNAc Analysis on the Orbitrap Excedion Pro Mass Spectrometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_Phosphorylation_ADMA_and_O_Glc_N_Ac_Analysis_on_the_Orbitrap_Excedion_Pro_Mass_Spectrometer_d24a5de98e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="512">Using enriched PTM samples and automated data-dependent acquisition, the study demonstrates that the Orbitrap Excedion Pro MS can deliver both depth and confidence across multiple PTM classes. For phosphorylation analysis, the platform identified 5,892 unique phosphosites from IMAC-enriched samples and 2,941 unique phosphotyrosine sites after phosphotyrosine enrichment, highlighting strong performance for both broad and highly targeted signaling studies. Just as importantly, the data show that HCD and EThcD provide complementary value, with each fragmentation method contributing unique site identifications and helping resolve ambiguous assignments.The note also highlights the value of EThcD for more analytically demanding PTMs. In ADMA-enriched samples, EThcD delivered more ADMA peptide-spectrum matches and more unique modified peptides than HCD, supporting improved confidence in site characterization. For O-glycopeptides, the Orbitrap Excedion Pro MS uses an intelligent HCD-product-dependent-EThcD strategy that triggers EThcD only when oxonium ions are detected, improving productivity while preserving the fragmentation detail needed for confident glycosite localization.Overall, this technical note shows how Orbitrap Excedion Pro MS enables researchers to go deeper into PTM biology with greater sensitivity, better site confidence, and smarter acquisition. For scientists studying signaling, regulation, and disease mechanisms, it presents a powerful approach for expanding PTM coverage without compromising analytical rigor.<blockquote><h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/tn_004377_ov_phosphorylation_ptm_etd_excedion_pro_tn004377_na_en_71f681655f.pdf">Download the technical note "Advancing phosphorylation, ADMA, and O-GlcNAc PTM analysis with HCD and EThcD on the Orbitrap Excedion Pro mass spectrometer"</a></h5></blockquote>Visit us on&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/">LinkedIn:</a>&nbsp;#PTM #OrbitrapExcedionPro #glycosylation #phosphorylation

Phosphorylation, ADMA, and O-GlcNAc Analysis on the Orbitrap Excedion Pro Mass Spectrometer

<h4>Latest edition of the Wiley Registry/NIST Mass Spectral Library for leading pharmaceutical, environmental, and forensic laboratories worldwide expands coverage to more than 1.2 million spectra</h4>Wiley, a global leader in authoritative content and research intelligence, today released the new edition of the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/2591">Wiley Registry/NIST Mass Spectral Library</a>, a reference database that combines two essential mass spectrometry references in a single, integrated collection, giving scientists the full depth of both to identify unknown chemical compounds.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Wiley_Wiley_Registry_NIST_EI_Mass_Spectral_Library_2026_4d3c8f440f.jpg" alt="Wiley: Wiley Registry/NIST EI Mass Spectral Library 2026" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Wiley_Wiley_Registry_NIST_EI_Mass_Spectral_Library_2026_4d3c8f440f.jpg 110w," sizes="100vw" width="1524" height="2161">For years, laboratories doing GC-MS analysis have relied on Wiley’s renowned <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/887">Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data</a> and the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/2461">NIST/EPA/NIH EI Mass Spectral Library</a> from the U.S. government’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to power their analytical workflows. These two respected references are united in this database, one of the most comprehensive resources of its kind.The new 2026 edition updates the collection, adding tens of thousands of newly validated compounds across both libraries and bringing the total to more than 1.2 million electron ionization (EI) mass spectra—unique chemical “signatures” used to identify substances.The Wiley Registry/NIST Mass Spectral Library is part of Wiley’s growing portfolio of scientific data and research intelligence solutions, which spans spectral databases, chemistry and materials literature, and analytical tools supporting researchers from discovery through applied outcomes.Wiley’s spectral database solutions are trusted by leading pharmaceutical, environmental, and forensic laboratories worldwide, reflecting Wiley’s mission to transform knowledge into actionable intelligence that helps researchers make confident, high-stakes decisions.<blockquote>“When a scientist runs a sample through a mass spectrometer, the results are only as good as the reference data behind them,” said Armughan Rafat, Wiley senior vice president and chief AI &amp; data analytics officer. “By uniting the Wiley Registry and the NIST Library in a single resource, we deliver the breadth, quality, and validation scientists need to identify unknown compounds faster and with confidence.”</blockquote>Available in the most common instrumentation manufacturer formats, the library supports high-confidence analysis across GC-MS workflows.<h4>Spectral Databases</h4>Spectral databases contain unique molecular “fingerprints” of substances captured through analytical techniques such as infrared (IR), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Raman spectroscopy. By comparing experimental spectra against validated reference data, researchers can accurately identify unknown compounds across a wide range of applications. &nbsp;<h4>About Wiley</h4>Wiley is a global leader in authoritative content and research intelligence for the advancement of scientific discovery, innovation, and learning. With more than 200 years at the center of the scholarly ecosystem, Wiley combines trusted publishing heritage with AI-powered platforms to transform how knowledge is discovered, accessed, and applied. From individual researchers and students to Fortune 500 R&amp;D teams, Wiley enables the transformation of scientific breakthroughs into real-world impact. From knowledge to impact—Wiley is redefining what’s possible in science and learning.&nbsp;

Wiley Releases Database Combining Two of the World’s Most Trusted Chemical Identification Resources

The countdown is almost over. In just one week, the international chromatography community will meet in Prague for the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/events/644">35th International Symposium on Chromatography (ISC 2026)</a>, taking place from September 6–10, 2026. Whether your registration has been confirmed for months or you are still deciding whether to join, now is the time to finalize your plans. Here is what you need to know before ISC 2026 begins.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/companies/314">ISC</a> is the oldest conference series dedicated to separation science, with symposia organized since 1956. This September, the Prague Congress Centre will welcome researchers, industry experts, instrument manufacturers, young scientists, and other specialists for five days of chromatography and separation science, covering everything from fundamental research to pharmaceutical, environmental, food, health, and omics applications.But before the scientific sessions begin, there are a few practical details worth checking.<h4>ISC officially starts on September 6 – but activities begin a day earlier</h4>The official dates for ISC 2026 are Sunday, September 6 through Thursday, September 10, but for some participants the conference starts already on Saturday, September 5.The first Short Courses are scheduled for Saturday (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/6770">SC 1 – Modern HPLC Separation in Theory and Practice</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7312">SC 2 – mzmine for LC-MS data analysis</a>), with additional courses continuing on Sunday morning and afternoon. If you have registered for a Short Course, make sure to check its exact date and starting time before arranging your journey to Prague.Sunday then marks the official opening of ISC 2026, with the Opening Ceremony, Award Ceremony, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7361">plenary lectures</a>, and Welcome Reception introducing delegates to the week ahead.<h4>Haven’t registered yet? You can still join ISC 2026</h4>Missed the late-registration deadline? It is still possible to attend.Onsite registration has been available since August 26, 2026, giving last-minute participants another opportunity to join the symposium. Current onsite registration fees are:<ul><li>Industry: €1,150</li><li>Academic: €890</li><li>Student: €390</li><li>Short Courses: €270</li></ul>The Short Course fee covers participation in up to three Short Courses.One practical point for last-minute registration: bank-transfer payments closed on August 19, so only card payments are now accepted.Full registration includes access to oral and poster sessions, the exhibition, the Sunday Welcome Reception, scheduled lunches and coffee breaks, the electronic Book of Abstracts, and a Prague public transportation pass.<h4>Where is ISC 2026 and how do you get there?</h4>ISC 2026 will take place at the:Prague Congress Centre<ul><li>5. května 65</li><li>140 21 Prague 4</li><li>Czech Republic</li></ul>The venue is particularly easy to reach by public transport. It is located directly on Prague’s Metro Line C at Vyšehrad station, just around five minutes by metro from Muzeum station in the city centre.The Prague Congress Centre brings the lecture halls, exhibition spaces, meeting rooms, and other conference facilities together in one venue, making it easy to move between scientific sessions, posters, industry activities, and the exhibition throughout the day.And since full conference registration includes public transportation in Prague, getting around the city during ISC should be straightforward.<h4>When can you pick up your conference materials?</h4>The registration desk will already be open during the Short Courses and will remain available throughout the symposium.Registration opening hours:<ul><li>Saturday, September 5: 8:30–17:00</li><li>Sunday, September 6: 7:30–19:00</li><li>Monday, September 7: 7:30–18:00</li><li>Tuesday, September 8: 7:30–19:00</li><li>Wednesday, September 9: 8:00–18:00</li><li>Thursday, September 10: 8:30–14:30</li></ul>If you are arriving in Prague on Sunday, allowing some extra time for registration before the Opening Ceremony will make the start of the conference considerably more relaxed.<h4>Now is the time to build your personal ISC program</h4>With several parallel sessions running throughout the week, trying to decide where to go only after arriving at the venue may mean missing something important.The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7477">main scientific program</a> is organized around three broad areas:<ul><li>Fundamentals</li><li>Bioanalysis and omics applications</li><li>Hyphenated techniques</li></ul>These are complemented by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7280">Tutorials </a>+ Young Speakers, plenary and invited lectures, poster sessions, the international exhibition, vendor seminars, and industry-focused activities.Before leaving for Prague, take another look at the Interactive Program and mark the lectures, posters, and other activities that are most relevant to you. If you are presenting your own work, this is also the right time to double-check your assigned session, room, and presentation time.And don’t focus only on the oral program. Poster sessions and exhibition breaks are among the best opportunities to discuss new research directly with authors, meet instrument and technology specialists, and make new contacts.<h4>Don’t overlook the vendor seminars and industry program</h4>ISC 2026 is not limited to academic presentations. The conference also includes an extensive industry component, with activities covering current challenges in separation science and practical applications of new analytical technologies.During the lunchtime sessions, participants can attend <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7736">vendor seminars</a> presented by companies including Avantor, Shimadzu, Advanced Materials Technology, Restek, and Thermo Fisher Scientific. Topics range from stationary-phase selectivity and chromatographic modelling to HPLC and LC-MS column technologies and advanced characterization of biotherapeutics.The conference also includes dedicated <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7777">Industry Activities</a> from Monday through Wednesday, bringing together academic and industrial perspectives on topics relevant to analytical laboratories and the future of separation science. One of the discussions, for example, will examine how education in separation science can better reflect the skills required by modern industry, while another will focus on sustainability and the practical implementation of greener analytical workflows.On Wednesday, participants can also join the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7801">Publishing Workshop</a>, another activity worth adding to the schedule if scientific publishing is part of your work.<h4>Test your chromatography knowledge at the ISC Quiz</h4>Not every session needs to be completely serious.On Tuesday, September 8 from 18:30 to 19:30, ISC will host an interactive Chromatography Quiz, combining practical questions, chromatography fundamentals, unusual facts, and lighter challenges.There is no advance registration required. Any registered conference participant can join, but remember to bring a smartphone—the quiz uses live participation through a QR code.Results will be scored in real time, and prizes will be awarded to the top three participants.<h4>Start networking from the first evening</h4>The scientific program may be the main reason to attend ISC, but the conversations between sessions can be equally valuable.The first major networking opportunity comes immediately on Sunday.The Welcome Reception will take place on September 6 from 18:30 to 20:00 in the second-floor foyer of the Prague Congress Centre. It is open to registered participants and accompanying persons and includes a light buffet and drinks.As it takes place immediately after the opening program, it is an ideal opportunity to reconnect with colleagues, meet new contacts, and start conversations before the full parallel scientific program begins on Monday.Another social highlight will be the Gala Dinner on Wednesday, September 9 from 19:00 to midnight at the National House Vinohrady.The Gala Dinner requires a separate €100 ticket, is not included in the standard registration fee, and has a smart-casual dress code. Participants should also note that transportation to and from the venue is not organized by the conference.<h4>And perhaps leave a little time for Prague</h4>A conference schedule can fill up quickly, but ISC 2026 is taking place in one of Europe’s most walkable cities.If you find some free time between sessions, Vyšehrad is only about a 10-minute walk from the Prague Congress Centre and offers panoramic views across Prague and the Vltava River. It is an easy option for a short walk without travelling back into the historic city centre.See you at ISC 2026 in Prague!

ISC 2026 Starts in One Week: What You Need to Know

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The International Symposium on Chromatography (ISC) represents the oldest conference series focussing on separation science. ISC symposia have been organised since 1956 in each even year. ISC is internationally recognised as one of the premier meeting series for discussion of all modes of chromatography and separation science with a broad coverage of techniques and applications.

International Symposium on Chromatography - (ISC)

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Watrex SCI-AQUA ROWAPUR BASIC Water Purification System

Fully automatic system for the preparation of pure water based on reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis membrane is protected by three-stage pre-filtration consisting of sediment filter and two carbon adsorption filters.

Fully automatic system for the preparation of pure water based on reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis membrane is protected by three-stage pre-filtration consisting of sediment filter and two carbon adsorption filters.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/water-purification/reverse-osmosis-systems/sci-aqua-basic/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex SCI-AQUA BASIC</a> is driven by water pressure from water distribution network, it does not require electric power. It prepares water free of mechanical impurities, chlorine, 95-99% of all dissolved substances are removed.&nbsp;Depending on input water composition and supply pressure the output water has a specific conductivity in the range of 10-20 µS/cm.Price: <bdi>384&nbsp;€</bdi> ex. VAT<h4>Features</h4><ul><li>Removes 95 – 99% of dissolved substances</li><li>Typical specific conductivity of produced water 10 – 20 µS/cm</li><li>6 to 12 months filters lifetime</li><li>2 – 5 years RO membrane lifetime</li><li>No electricity is required for operation</li><li>Supplied from water distribution network</li></ul><h4>Technical specification</h4><ul><li>Daily production capacity: 50 – 70 liters</li><li>Input water pressure: 0,3 – 0,7 MPa</li><li>Input water temperature: &lt; 35 °C</li><li>Maximum input water TDS: 1200 mg/l</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Water_purification_systems_8810a2c48a.jpg" alt="Watrex: Water purification systems" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Water_purification_systems_8810a2c48a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2286" height="1130">Basic requirements for laboratory operations include the easy availability of pure laboratory water in the necessary quantity and quality. Distillation, a popular technique for producing purified water in the past, has virtually completely supplanted by less energy-intensive and operationally dependable alternatives today. Reverse osmosis is the foundation of the majority of contemporary systems for producing purified water; in reality, this principle is supplemented with adsorption, ion exchange, filtration, ultrafiltration, and other physical-chemical techniques.

Watrex SCI-AQUA ROWAPUR 090 Water Purification System

Fully automatic system for the preparation of pure water based on reverse osmosis.

Fully automatic system for the preparation of pure water based on reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis membrane is protected by three-stage pre-filtration consisting of sediment filter and two carbon adsorption filters.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/water-purification/reverse-osmosis-systems/rowapur-90/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex ROWAPUR</a> is driven by water pressure from water distribution network, it does not require electric power.It prepares water free of mechanical impurities, chlorine, 95-99% of all dissolved substances are removed. Depending on input water composition and supply pressure the output water has a specific conductivity in the range of 10-20 µS/cm.Price: 500<bdi>&nbsp;€</bdi> ex. VAT<h4>Features</h4><ul><li>Removes 95 – 99% of dissolved substances</li><li>Typical specific conductivity of produced water 10 – 20 µS/cm</li><li>6 to 12 months filters lifetime</li><li>2 – 5 years RO membrane lifetime</li><li>No electricity is required for operation</li><li>Supplied from water distribution network</li></ul><h4>Technical specification</h4><ul><li>Daily production capacity:&nbsp;up to 90 liters</li><li>Input water pressure:&nbsp;0,3 – 0,7 MPa</li><li>Input water temperature:&nbsp;&lt; 35 °C</li><li>Maximum input water TDS: 1200 mg/l</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Water_purification_systems_8810a2c48a.jpg" alt="Watrex: Water purification systems" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Water_purification_systems_8810a2c48a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2286" height="1130">Basic requirements for laboratory operations include the easy availability of pure laboratory water in the necessary quantity and quality. Distillation, a popular technique for producing purified water in the past, has virtually completely supplanted by less energy-intensive and operationally dependable alternatives today. Reverse osmosis is the foundation of the majority of contemporary systems for producing purified water; in reality, this principle is supplemented with adsorption, ion exchange, filtration, ultrafiltration, and other physical-chemical techniques.

Watrex SCI-AQUA ROWAPUR 180 Water Purification System

Fully automatic system for the preparation of pure water based on reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis membrane is protected by three-stage pre-filtration consisting of sediment filter and two carbon adsorption filters.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/water-purification/reverse-osmosis-systems/rowapur-180-reverse-osmosis-system/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex ROWAPUR</a> is driven by water pressure from water distribution network, it does not require electric power.It prepares water free of mechanical impurities, chlorine, 95-99% of all dissolved substances are removed. Depending on input water composition and supply pressure the output water has a specific conductivity in the range of 10-20 µS/cm.Price: 541<bdi>&nbsp;€</bdi> ex. VAT<h4>Features</h4><ul><li>Removes 95 – 99% of dissolved substances</li><li>Typical specific conductivity of produced water 10 – 20 µS/cm</li><li>6 to 12 months filters lifetime</li><li>2 – 5 years RO membrane lifetime</li><li>No electricity is required for operation</li><li>Supplied from water distribution network</li></ul><h4>Technical specification</h4><ul><li>Daily production capacity:&nbsp;up to 180 liters</li><li>Input water pressure:&nbsp;0,3 – 0,7 MPa</li><li>Input water temperature:&nbsp;&lt; 35 °C</li><li>Maximum input water TDS: 1200 mg/l</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Water_purification_systems_8810a2c48a.jpg" alt="Watrex: Water purification systems" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Water_purification_systems_8810a2c48a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2286" height="1130">Basic requirements for laboratory operations include the easy availability of pure laboratory water in the necessary quantity and quality. Distillation, a popular technique for producing purified water in the past, has virtually completely supplanted by less energy-intensive and operationally dependable alternatives today. Reverse osmosis is the foundation of the majority of contemporary systems for producing purified water; in reality, this principle is supplemented with adsorption, ion exchange, filtration, ultrafiltration, and other physical-chemical techniques.

Watrex SCI-AQUA ROWAPUR 270 Water Purification System

Fully automatic system for the preparation of pure water based on reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis membrane is protected by three-stage pre-filtration consisting of sediment filter and two carbon adsorption filters.<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://watrex.com/obchod/water-purification/reverse-osmosis-systems/rowapur-270-reverse-osmosis-system/?utm_source=labrulez&amp;utm_medium=propagace&amp;utm_campaign=labrulez_produkty">Watrex ROWAPUR</a> is driven by water pressure from water distribution network, it does not require electric power.It prepares water free of mechanical impurities, chlorine, 95-99% of all dissolved substances are removed. Depending on input water composition and supply pressure the output water has a specific conductivity in the range of 10-20 µS/cm.Price: 592<bdi>&nbsp;€</bdi> ex. VAT<h4>Features</h4><ul><li>Removes 95 – 99% of dissolved substances</li><li>Typical specific conductivity of produced water 10 – 20 µS/cm</li><li>6 to 12 months filters lifetime</li><li>2 – 5 years RO membrane lifetime</li><li>No electricity is required for operation</li><li>Supplied from water distribution network</li></ul><h4>Technical specification</h4><ul><li>Daily production capacity:&nbsp;up to 270 liters</li><li>Input water pressure:&nbsp;0,3 – 0,7 MPa</li><li>Input water temperature:&nbsp;&lt; 35 °C</li><li>Maximum input water TDS: 1200 mg/l</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Water_purification_systems_8810a2c48a.jpg" alt="Watrex: Water purification systems" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Water_purification_systems_8810a2c48a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2286" height="1130">Basic requirements for laboratory operations include the easy availability of pure laboratory water in the necessary quantity and quality. Distillation, a popular technique for producing purified water in the past, has virtually completely supplanted by less energy-intensive and operationally dependable alternatives today. Reverse osmosis is the foundation of the majority of contemporary systems for producing purified water; in reality, this principle is supplemented with adsorption, ion exchange, filtration, ultrafiltration, and other physical-chemical techniques.

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