Czech researchers from Charles University, Prague, led by Pavla Eliášová, have developed an advanced photocathode that helps convert the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into pure ethanol using sunlight. The new technology solves a long-standing problem of material degradation in water, achieves record conversion efficiency, and opens the way toward sustainable production of green fuels.Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into useful fuels using solar energy represents the holy grail of modern green chemistry. The device enabling this conversion is called a solar reactor. Its key element is a photocathode: a material that absorbs light and enables the chemical reaction. Cuprous oxide long appeared to be an ideal material because it is inexpensive, readily available, and excels at capturing solar rays. In practice, however, it faced a fundamental obstacle: in an aqueous environment under light, it transforms and degrades extremely rapidly—much like iron undergoing swift corrosion—and loses its functionality within just tens of minutes.The team from the Chemistry Section of the Faculty of Science, CU, led by Pavla Eliášová, in collaboration with Tomáš Hrbek from the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, CU, resolved this issue by creating a unique "nano-sandwich". The scientists combined cuprous oxide with advanced two-dimensional materials called MXenes and, through precisely controlled heating, created an ultrathin layer of titanium dioxide on their surface. MXene modified in this way can rapidly drain electric charge from the cuprous oxide, thereby slowing down its decomposition. At the same time, it uses the charge further to convert carbon dioxide into liquid fuel."Surface-engineered MXene combined with cuprous oxide allowed us to unite the best of both materials. The copper base enables maximum utilization of light energy, while the conductive MXene framework ensures that the material remains active even after many hours of operation," explains research team leader Pavla Eliášová from the Chemistry Section of the Faculty of Science, Charles University.In laboratory tests, the new photocathode achieved a record solar-energy-to-ethanol conversion efficiency of 2,74 %. A crucial improvement is the formation of only a single product. While other systems often produce a mixture of byproducts, the material designed by the research team produces pure ethanol as its sole liquid product, which significantly simplifies its potential industrial application."This is a major step forward for us. On our laboratory scale, the system works very well and produces ethanol over many hours. In the next step, we want to further reinforce the stability of the entire photocathode and begin testing on a larger scale and under real daylight conditions," adds physical chemist Pavla Eliášová.The research was conducted within the international European project DESIRED (Horizon Europe), with support from the Charles University Research Centre (UNCE) and the L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science program.<blockquote><h4>Article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.71469">Surface-Engineered Ti3C2Tx MXene/Cu2O Photocathodes for Highly Selective Photoelectrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Ethanol</a></h4>Luis A. M. Carrascosa, Magdaléna Linková, Monika Remzová, Tomáš Hrbek, Pavla EliášováAdv. Energy Mater., 2026, 16, e71469<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.71469">https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.71469</a><h6>licenced under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>Cu2O is an inexpensive p-type semiconductor that promotes the photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (PEC CO2RR). While its low bandgap enables photoexcitation by visible light, long-term stability remains limited due to quick charge recombination and photocorrosion. Here, we enhanced charge separation and extraction by combining Cu2O with surface-engineered MXenes. In this novel architecture, TiO2 grows in situ on the surface of Ti3C2Tx and serves as a charge-transport layer, forming a junction with Cu2O. On the other side, the outer TiO2 surface exposed to the CO2-saturated electrolyte offers catalytically active sites for CO2 reduction. Acting as a central layer, the MXene conductive backbone provides an electronically continuous pathway for electron transport. In PEC CO2RR, the photocathode containing 50 wt.% of MXene and a balanced amount of TiO2 on the Ti3C2 surface outperformed the best Cu/CuxO-based systems operating in non-organic electrolytes reported in the literature. The FTO/Cu2O/ml-Ti3C2Tx-350-N2 photocathode reached 8.4&nbsp;µmol&nbsp;cm−2 h−1 ethanol production rate and 2.74% solar-to-ethanol efficiency after 2&nbsp;h. Moreover, pairing TiO2-MXene with Cu2O significantly stabilized the photocathode, which maintained 76% of the ethanol production rate after 6 h. Overall, our results establish surface-engineered Cu2O/TiO2-MXene heterostructures as a solid platform for highly selective, visible-light-driven ethanol production with significantly improved operational stability.

Researchers from Charles University, Prague, Have Developed a New Photocathode for Efficient Conversion of CO2 into Ethanol

<div><div>Protons play a central role in many chemical reactions in living organisms. In some cases, a proton may be shared between two nearby molecular groups rather than being localized on just one. This phenomenon can strongly influence the properties and reactivity of biomolecules and is important for enzyme function.</div></div><div>Researchers led by Hanns Christian Schewe (IOCB Prague and Heyrovský Institute of the CAS) together with Lukáš Tomaník (UCT Prague and Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society) have now investigated proton sharing in a range of biologically relevant polycarboxylic acids dissolved in water, including several molecules related to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle).Using liquid-jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (LJ-PES), a technique that reveals the chemical environment of atoms in molecules dissolved in water, the team was able to probe the position of protons on an ultrafast time scale. Unlike techniques such as NMR, which provide a time-averaged picture, photoelectron spectroscopy captures the instantaneous distribution of protons and can therefore distinguish more directly between localized and shared states.The results showed significant proton sharing only in maleic acid dissolved in water. In contrast, protons remained mostly localized at individual carboxylic groups in succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, glutaric acid and citric acid. This suggests that proton sharing is not a common feature of these molecules when they are freely dissolved in water.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/IOCB_Prague_Cropped_part_of_the_cover_by_Schewe_et_al_with_the_use_of_Nano_Banana_2_0_2_2a408dbeb5.webp" alt="IOCB Prague: Cropped part of the cover by Schewe et al. with the use of Nano Banana 2.0: Full cover by Schewe et al. with the use of Nano Banana 2.0." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_IOCB_Prague_Cropped_part_of_the_cover_by_Schewe_et_al_with_the_use_of_Nano_Banana_2_0_2_2a408dbeb5.webp 117w," sizes="100vw" width="1620" height="2154">The difference appears to be largely controlled by molecular geometry. In maleic acid, the two carboxylic groups are held close together, creating favorable conditions for proton sharing. More flexible molecules can adopt conformations in which the groups are farther apart, while water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with them and favor localized protons.However, the situation may be different inside proteins. When a carboxylic acid binds in the active site of an enzyme, its shape and position can be tightly constrained. Such an environment could bring the relevant groups close enough together to promote proton sharing and thereby influence enzymatic reactions.The study highlights an important distinction: proton sharing may be rare in freely hydrated molecules but could become important when biomolecules are held in the right geometry by enzymes. It also demonstrates that LJ-PES is a powerful tool for studying proton behavior in solutions. Its ultrafast and site-specific sensitivity could in future help researchers investigate proton sharing directly in more complex chemical and biological systems.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/jaaucr/article/6/6/3349/5084661/Proton-Sharing-in-Polycarboxylic-Acids-in-Aqueous">Proton Sharing in Polycarboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solution</a></h4>Lukáš Tomaník, Jiří Tůma, Gunnar Öhrwall, Ronny Golnak, Ngoc Lan Le Nguyen, Bruno Credidio, Harmanjot Kaur, Petr Slavíček, Bernd Winter, H. Christian Schewe<div>JACS Au, 2026, 6, 3349–3355</div><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.6c00377">https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.6c00377</a><h6>licenced under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote><h4>Abstract</h4>We investigate proton sharing in biologically relevant polycarboxylic acids in aqueous solutions using liquid-jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In contrast to techniques that record time-averaged proton positions, like nuclear magnetic resonance, photoelectron spectroscopy captures instantaneous proton distribution due to its ultrafast probing time scale. The method is, therefore, uniquely sensitive to the occurrence of proton sharing in an aqueous environment, as demonstrated here. We only observe significant proton sharing dynamics in maleic acid, where its monoanionic form shows a single, delocalized peak in the carbon 1s spectrum. Conversely, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, glutaric acid, and citric acid exhibit distinct peaks corresponding to separate, localized COOH and COO– groups, instead of shared protons. Our results reveal that intramolecular proton sharing in water is rather an exception for most biologically relevant polycarboxylic acids. This highlights the importance of enzyme-driven structural changes of polycarboxylic acids associated with proton sharing during metabolic processes.</div>

Proton sharing in polycarboxylic acids in aqueous solution

Autumn has already turned the leaves into vibrant shades, and with the end of the year approaching, we would like to thank you - before the first snowflakes arrive - for your trust, cooperation, and continued interest in our products and services.As a long-standing distributor of Thermo Scientific Finnpipette products, we know that the accuracy and reliability of laboratory results often begin with seemingly small details. Choosing the right pipette and tip is one of the first steps toward a successful analysis.That is why we have prepared an EXCLUSIVE offer to help you replenish your laboratory supplies at a more attractive price, while also thanking you for your continued cooperation and trust.<blockquote>EXCLUSIVE OFFER valid until the end of 2026<ul><li>10% off tips</li><li>10% off pipettes</li></ul>Enter the code “KAŠTANY” in your order or include it in your order e-mail.*For larger orders, an additional discount may be available.</blockquote><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_pipety_a_spicky_thermo_20c5943161.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Scientific Pipettes and Tips" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_pipety_a_spicky_thermo_20c5943161.jpg 146w," sizes="100vw" width="1500" height="1605"><h4>LIMITED OFFER WHILE STOCKS LAST</h4><h5>Everything ages. Precision remains.</h5>Finnpipette tips are proof of that.<h4>Tip Offer</h4><h5>FT 200 FLEX Tips</h5><ul><li>Code: L94060320</li><li>Pack size: 1,000 pcs</li><li>LOT: 20165B0</li><li>EXP: 20 June 2025</li><li>Price: CZK 1,761 (30% discount)</li></ul><h5>FT 1000 Tips</h5><ul><li>Code: L9401070</li><li>Pack size: 200 pcs/box</li><li>LOT: 20346A0</li><li>EXP: 20 December 2025</li><li>Price: CZK 464 (30% discount)</li></ul><h5>Labtip Blue Tips</h5><ul><li>Code: L94300250</li><li>Pack size: 60 pcs/rack</li><li>LOT: 21104B2</li><li>EXP: 20 April 2026</li><li>Price: CZK 206 (20% discount)</li></ul><h5>FT Filter Sterile 10 µL Tips</h5><ul><li>Code: L94052100</li><li>Pack size: 10 × 96 pcs/rack</li><li>LOT: 21136B1</li><li>EXP: 20 May 2026</li><li>Price: CZK 3,740 (20% discount)</li></ul><h4>Types of Thermo Fisher Scientific Pipette Tips</h4><h5>FILTERED</h5><ul><li>help prevent aerosol contamination,</li><li>suitable for PCR and critical samples.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_s_filtrem_4eb500736e.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Filtered Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_s_filtrem_4eb500736e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="120"><h5>NON-FILTERED</h5><ul><li>economical and high quality,</li><li>suitable for routine samples.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_bez_filtru_eea16c4ae1.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Non-Filtered Tips" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_bez_filtru_eea16c4ae1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="442" height="147"><h5>EXTENDED-LENGTH</h5><ul><li>allow deeper access while helping reduce contamination risk,</li><li>suitable for tissue culture, media preparation, and tall laboratory vessels.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_prodlouzene_2005b4125f.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Extended-Length Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_prodlouzene_2005b4125f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="407" height="118"><h5>MICRO</h5><ul><li>improve accuracy for low-volume samples and support efficient sample transfer,</li><li>suitable for critical and valuable samples and low-volume pipetting.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_micro_9b5879704a.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Micro Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_micro_9b5879704a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="435" height="115"><h5>MACRO</h5><ul><li>improve accuracy when working with larger sample volumes,</li><li>can serve as an alternative to serological pipettes.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_macro_8fb12684a7.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Macro Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_macro_8fb12684a7.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="395" height="121"><h5>WIDE-BORE</h5><ul><li>the wide opening helps prevent cell lysis and improves accuracy when working with viscous solutions,</li><li>suitable for cell handling, macromolecular structures such as DNA, and highly viscous solutions.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analytika_spicky_Thermo_siroky_otvor_9d6ad5537e.jpg" alt="analytika: Thermo Fisher Scientific Wide-Bore Tip" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_analytika_spicky_Thermo_siroky_otvor_9d6ad5537e.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="397" height="127">

Equip Your Laboratory for Autumn at a Better Price

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The main mission of the Faculty of Science is to create highly qualified experts in biology, chemistry, geography, geology and in other interdisciplinary fields. Its scientific and research effort aims to solve key problems concerned with the development of human society. Some of the priority long-term subjects are human health, the study of the function and prediction of the development of ecosystems and the biosphere, and the development of environmentally-friendly materials based on the utilization of renewable resources.

Přírodovědecká fakulta Univerzity Karlovy

The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IOCB Prague) is a leading scientific institution in the Czech Republic, recognized internationally. Its primary mission is basic research in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, organic and material oriented chemistry, chemistry of natural compounds, biochemistry and molecular biology, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences

Analytika is a Czech company that offers and produces certified reference materials (CRM) and (ultra)pure chemicals for quality control and quality assurance in laboratories, including accredited laboratories.

Our portfolio also includes pipettes and tips, digestors, PFA labware and other equipment for analytical laboratory and trace analysis.

ANALYTIKA

Analytical Services for Building Materials (Watrex Laboratory)

Comprehensive analysis of building materials by ion chromatography and gravimetry – salts, moisture, lime, gypsum, density, and absorption testing by Watrex Laboratory.

<h5>WI08101 – Determination of Water-Soluble Salts in Building Materials</h5><ul><li>Determination of chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates in aqueous extract using ion chromatography. Requires approx. 1 g of a homogeneous sample.</li><li>Price: 600 CZK excl. VAT</li></ul><h5>WI08102 – Determination of Moisture in Building Materials</h5><ul><li>Gravimetric method after drying the sample to constant weight. Moisture content is expressed in mass %. Requires at least 10 g of sample in sealed packaging.</li><li>Price: 300 CZK excl. VAT</li></ul><h5>WI08103 – Determination of Lime Content in Lime Mortars</h5><ul><li>After acid digestion, Ca and Mg content is determined to calculate CaCO₃ and MgCO₃. Sand content determined gravimetrically. Not suitable for cement mortars. Requires approx. 5 g of sample.</li><li>Price: 1,275 CZK excl. VAT</li></ul><h5>WI08104 – Semi-Quantitative Determination of Gypsum in Building Materials</h5><ul><li>Based on solubility differences of gypsum and alkaline sulfates. Requires approx. 11 g of sample.</li><li>Price: 1,100 CZK excl. VAT</li></ul><h5>WI08105 – Determination of Bulk Density of Building Materials</h5><ul><li>Performed using quartz sand displacement. Requires 30–50 cm³ of sample in pieces 2–4 cm.</li><li>Price: 440 CZK excl. VAT</li></ul><h5>WI08109 – Determination of Hygroscopic Moisture in Building Materials</h5><ul><li>Gravimetric method after equilibrium at 100% RH and drying at 105 °C for 2 hours. Requires approx. 10 g of sample.</li><li>Price: 440 CZK excl. VAT</li></ul><h5>WI08114 – Determination of Water Absorption of Building Materials</h5><ul><li>Gravimetric method from weight difference between dried and water-saturated sample. Bulk density determined simultaneously. Requires 30–50 cm³ of sample in pieces 2–4 cm.</li><li>Price: 4,495 CZK excl. VAT</li></ul><blockquote>10% discount when submitting 3 or more samples at once.</blockquote><blockquote><h3>Services – Laboratory</h3>The Watrex Analytical Laboratory will be happy to perform any of our standard analyses, custom analyses, or assist you with method development.We specialize primarily in liquid chromatography techniques and are ready to meet a wide range of requirements—from method development and optimization, through validation and verification of external methods, to training and troubleshooting.Our laboratory also manufactures and packs its own chromatographic columns and guard columns for basic HPLC modes (reversed phase, normal phase, ion chromatography, and ion exclusion chromatography).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Watrex_Analyticka_laborator_fc8862fba5.jpg" alt="Watrex: Analytical Laboratory" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Watrex_Analyticka_laborator_fc8862fba5.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1569" height="637"></blockquote>

rHGH fragment or AOD-9604 (LCMS+CHNS) analysis

Combined LC-MS, CHNS and HPLC analysis of rHGH fragment 176–191 and AOD-9604 for identification, amount, peptide purity and contamination screening.

This analysis is designed to identify and determine the amount and purity of recombinant Human Growth Hormone fragment 176–191 and AOD-9604. It combines LC-MS, CHNS and HPLC to provide information about peptide identity, net peptide content, peptide purity and potential contamination with other peptides or degradation products.The test can detect and measure either target compound. It is therefore not necessary to know in advance whether the sample contains rHGH fragment 176–191 or AOD-9604.<h4>rHGH Fragment 176–191</h4>rHGH fragment 176–191, also known as somatropin 176–191, is a peptide corresponding to amino acids 176 to 191 of Human Growth Hormone. It consists of 16 amino acids and represents the C-terminal region of the HGH molecule.Its molecular weight is approximately 1,799 Da. It differs from AOD-9604 in the first amino acid of its sequence.<h4>AOD-9604</h4>AOD-9604 is a synthetically modified peptide derived from Human Growth Hormone fragment 176–191. Like the rHGH fragment, it contains 16 amino acids, but its sequence begins with tyrosine instead of phenylalanine.This structural difference allows the two peptides to be distinguished by LC-MS. The molecular weight of AOD-9604 is approximately 1,815 Da.<h4>Analytical Methods</h4><h5>LC-MS – Identification and Contamination Screening</h5>LC-MS is used to confirm the identity of the peptide in the sample. It also provides screening for detectable contamination with other peptides and peptide degradation products.<h5>CHNS – Net Peptide Content Determination</h5>CHNS elemental analysis measures the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur content of the sample. The measured values can be used to determine Net Peptide Content.Because the sample is combusted during CHNS analysis, the result is not affected by solubility issues that may complicate chromatographic measurement of peptide amount.<h5>HPLC – Peptide Purity Determination</h5>HPLC is used to determine peptide purity and the relative proportion of the main peptide component compared with chromatographically detectable impurities.<h4>What the Analysis Determines</h4><ul><li>Identity of rHGH fragment 176–191 or AOD-9604</li><li>Amount of peptide in the sample</li><li>Net peptide content determined by CHNS</li><li>Peptide purity determined by HPLC</li><li>Presence of other peptides or degradation products detected by LC-MS</li><li>Differentiation between rHGH fragment 176–191 and AOD-9604</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target compounds: rHGH fragment – somatropin 176–191 and AOD-9604</li><li>CAS number of AOD-9604: 221231-10-3</li><li>Molecular weight of AOD-9604: 1,815 Da</li><li>AOD-9604 sequence: H-Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys(1)-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys(1)-Gly-Phe-OH</li><li>CAS number of rHGH fragment: 66004-57-7</li><li>Molecular weight of rHGH fragment: 1,799 Da</li><li>rHGH fragment sequence: H-Phe-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys(1)-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys(1)-Gly-Phe-OH</li><li>Identification method: LC-MS</li><li>Amount determination method: CHNS</li><li>Peptide purity method: HPLC</li><li>Detection limit: less than one twentieth of the usual dosage per vial</li><li>Result format for lyophilizates: mg per vial and peptide purity</li><li>Alternative result format: m/m purity and peptide purity</li><li>Minimum lyophilizate sample: one whole unopened vial containing the lyophilizate</li><li>Minimum raw API powder sample: 30 mg in a sealed glass vial to prevent moisture absorption</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote><h5>Important Notice</h5>The alternative m/m purity result format is intended exclusively for raw API powders. For lyophilized samples, the standard result format provides the peptide amount in mg per vial together with peptide purity.</blockquote><h4>Additional Analyses</h4><h5>TFA Analysis</h5><ul><li>Detection and measurement of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the sample. Results are reported in mg per vial.</li></ul><h5>Raw Data</h5><ul><li>Delivery of the available raw analytical data from the primary test and all applicable additional analyses.</li></ul><h5>Fentanyl Presence Analysis</h5><h5>Alternative Result Format – m/m Purity</h5><ul><li>Alternative reporting of the result as mass-by-mass purity. This option is intended exclusively for raw API powders.</li></ul><h5>Variance Testing</h5><ul><li>Analysis of multiple sample units to assess variation within a single batch. All submitted samples must originate from the same batch of the same product.</li></ul><h5>pH Measurement</h5><h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2522">Endotoxin Analysis</a></h5><ul><li>Measurement of bacterial endotoxins, particularly lipopolysaccharides (LPS), in the sample. This analysis is available only for finished products and should not be ordered for raw powders.</li><li>The standard test provides accurate results up to 10 EU per vial. Values above 10 EU per vial are estimated and require an additional test with a different dilution for precise determination. Sending two vials is therefore recommended.</li><li>Where endotoxin levels above 10 EU per vial are expected, the method can be calibrated for the higher range in advance.</li></ul><h5>Additional Report</h5><ul><li>A separate additional laboratory report issued under a different client name.</li></ul><h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/2527">Sterility Testing</a></h5><ul><li>TAMC and TYMC testing checks the product for the presence of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Additional unopened sample units must be submitted for analysis. The average turnaround time for this test is 14 days.</li></ul><h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2525">Heavy Metals Analysis</a></h5><ul><li>Detection of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in the sample. Testing for other metals can be arranged individually.</li></ul>

Heavy Metals Screening (As, Cd, Pb, Hg)

Screening of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in samples using Shimadzu EDX fluorescence spectrometry.

The Heavy Metals Screening is a standalone laboratory test designed to detect the presence of selected heavy metals in a sample.The standard screening covers arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). Other metals may be tested upon request.<h4>About the Analyzed Metals</h4>Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury are toxic elements that may occur as contaminants in raw materials, finished products, supplements, pharmaceuticals, and other sample types.Their presence can be relevant for quality control and safety assessment, especially when contamination may arise from raw materials, manufacturing, handling, or storage.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Standalone screening for selected heavy metals</li><li>Target metals: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg)</li><li>Analysis using Shimadzu EDX fluorescence spectrometry</li><li>Suitable for tablets, capsules, liquid solutions, raw materials, and vials</li><li>Other metals can be tested upon request</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 1 tablet/capsule, 1 ml solution, 200 mg raw material, or 1 vial</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Target metals: As, Cd, Pb, Hg</li><li>Testing method: Shimadzu EDX fluorescence spectrometer</li><li>Amount of sample required: 1 tablet/capsule, 1 ml solution, 200 mg raw material, or 1 vial</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>The standard screening covers arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury only.</li><li>If screening for other metals is required, this should be requested separately before analysis.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

CHNS Mass Report (Standalone Test)

CHNS elemental analysis determines C, H, N, and S content and provides an independent assessment of net peptide content.

The CHNS Mass Report is a standalone elemental analysis designed to determine carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) content in a sample. For peptide samples, CHNS analysis can be used as an independent approach to assess net peptide content.Unlike HPLC-based amount determination, CHNS analysis is based on combustion of the sample rather than dissolution. This can help avoid solubility-related limitations that may affect some chromatographic measurements.<h4>About CHNS Analysis</h4>CHNS elemental analysis determines the proportions of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur present in a sample. During analysis, the sample is combusted and the resulting elemental composition is measured.For peptides with a known elemental composition, these data can be used to evaluate the actual peptide content of the sample independently of chromatographic purity measurements.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Standalone CHNS elemental analysis</li><li>Determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur</li><li>Combustion-based analytical method</li><li>Independent assessment of net peptide content</li><li>Avoids sample-solubility limitations associated with some HPLC measurements</li><li>Suitable for tablets, capsules, liquid solutions, raw materials, and vials</li><li>Minimum sample amount of 1 tablet/capsule, 1 ml solution, 200 mg raw material, or 1 vial</li><li>Average turnaround time of 7 business days</li></ul><h4>Analysis Parameters</h4><ul><li>Testing method: CHNS elemental analysis</li><li>Amount of sample required: 1 tablet/capsule, 1 ml solution, 200 mg raw material, or 1 vial</li><li>Average turnaround time: 7 business days</li></ul><blockquote>Important Notice<ul><li>CHNS analysis determines elemental composition and is fundamentally different from chromatographic purity analysis.</li></ul></blockquote><h4>Optional Additional Analyses</h4>The following optional laboratory services are available:<ul><li>Additional Laboratory Report</li></ul>

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Proton sharing in polycarboxylic acids in aqueous solution

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Researchers from Charles University, Prague, Have Developed a New Photocathode for Efficient Conversion of CO2 into Ethanol