<p><strong>This study develops a volatile fingerprinting approach for authenticating traditional sesame oil using HS-SPME-GC-MS with GC×GC-MS-assisted compound identification. Conventional GC-MS fingerprints were evaluated by similarity analysis, while GC×GC-MS improved identification of volatile markers in authentic and adulterated samples.</strong></p><p>The method detected maize oil dilution at levels as low as 5% and sesame oil essence adulteration from 0.2%. Principal component analysis and sensory evaluation supported the fingerprint-based classification, demonstrating a reproducible strategy for detecting different types of sesame oil adulteration.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#sec0010"><strong>Volatile compound fingerprinting for traditional sesame oil authentication using GC-MS with GC×GC-MS-assisted identification&nbsp;</strong></a></h4><p>Ruibing Jin, Fuyun Kuang, Qi Meng, Lijin Wang, Huanlu Song, Xueping Feng, Mingshan Zou</p><p>Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2026, 155:109277</p><div><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2026.109277">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2026.109277</a></div><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><p><strong>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.</strong></p><div><div><div><div><div><p>Sesame is cultivated worldwide for its nutritional value and flavor, especially in India, China, Myanmar, and Tanzania (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib23"><span>Yin et al., 2021</span></a>). Sesame oil (SO) is an edible oil made from sesame seeds roasted at high temperatures to produce the distinct aroma and then processed using pressing, leaching, or other methods (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib5"><span>Huang et al., 2024</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib11"><span>Ma et al., 2022</span></a>). This traditional Chinese characteristic edible oil is extremely popular among consumers because of its high nutritional value and unique flavor. The unique aroma is an important indicator of quality and the main feature that distinguishes SO from other vegetable oils. SO contains fatty acids, vitamin E, and phytosterols that support cardiovascular health and anticarcinogenic processes (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib21"><span>Xu et al., 2025</span></a>), along with sesamin and other lignans that impart strong antioxidant and anti-corticosteroid properties (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib24"><span>Yin et al., 2024</span></a>). Owing to its nutritional and sensory values, the high retail price of SO has motivated adulteration with cheaper edible oils or SO essences (SOE). Therefore, the development of SO adulteration detection technologies such as fingerprinting is essential.</p><p>Fingerprinting technology typically involves using analytical detection and data processing methods to generate chromatograms/spectra of the separate sample components simultaneously. In China, fingerprinting is primarily used in the fields of traditional Chinese medicine, biology, and food production. To ensure the quality of traditional Chinese medicines, the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission developed the “Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Spectra Similarity Evaluation System” (Fingerprint Similarity System). After importing sample chromatograms, the software generates a reference fingerprint spectrum based on the retention times and peak heights, from which the similarity between the individual samples and reference spectrum is calculated. Samples with similarities &gt; 0.900 are considered highly compatible with the reference fingerprint (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib13"><span>National Medical Products Administration, 2000</span></a>). Chromatographic fingerprinting is particularly valuable for traditional SOs and reveals how variations in raw material origin or production processes influence the overall similarity of the volatile component profiles across samples. This enables more effective adulteration detection, origin discrimination, varietal differentiation, and characteristic substance analysis (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib3"><span>Fu et al., 2023</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib14"><span>Shi et al., 2025</span></a>; <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib15"><span>Sun et al., 2023</span></a>).</p><p>Volatile compound fingerprinting has been employed to characterize the volatile profiles of food products, enabling product discrimination and quality assessment (including identification and grading). <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib16"><span>Sun et al. (2020)</span></a> analyzed volatile flavor compounds in SO and SO adulterated with soybean oil and identified characteristic compounds that can serve as indicators for adulteration. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib18"><span>Wang et al. (2024a)</span></a> used UV spectral fingerprints in combination with chemometric analytical methods to assess the quality of pressed SO with different levels of adulteration with refined SO. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib1"><span>Aghili et al. (2023)</span></a> analyzed the fatty acid compositions of diluted SO samples using an electronic nose (e-nose) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealing differences in the volatile profiles between the original and adulterated SO samples, which could aid in distinguishing adulterations. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib20"><span>Xing et al. (2019)</span></a> established fatty acid fingerprints capable of identifying sesame oil adulterated with rapeseed oil at levels as low as 5%. However, the sensitivity decreased for adulteration with corn oil, where only levels above 10% were detectable. Although <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib26"><span>Zhang et al. (2016)</span></a> established a simple and rapid ion mobility spectrometry method to identify sesame oil adulterated with flavoring substances, its detection capability is limited to adulteration levels above 10%. However, few studies have assessed the performance of GC-MS-based fingerprinting in the concurrent detection of SO dilution and essence adulteration from volatile profiles.</p><p>Although the chromatographic fingerprint similarity evaluation system was originally developed for traditional Chinese medicines, it has recently been successfully applied to edible oils. For example, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib7"><span>Li et al. (2025)</span></a> established volatile fingerprints for fried pepper oils using the "Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System" and adopted a similarity threshold of 0.900 for quality discrimination. Therefore, we characterized the volatile fingerprint of authentic traditional SO using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with two-dimensional GC (GC×GC)-MS; co-elution issues were resolved by parallel GC×GC-MS analysis, while fingerprint similarity was evaluated using the "Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System" based on GC-MS data. By comparing this fingerprint with those of diluted SO by maize oil (MO) and sesame essence-adulterated oil, we investigated the accuracy of the fingerprint model. This study provides a scientific basis for quality control and authentication of traditional SO.</p><h4><strong>2. Materials and methods</strong></h4><h5><strong>2.4. GC×GC-MS</strong></h5><p>GC-MS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=8890"><strong>8890</strong></a>–<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5977B"><strong>5977B</strong></a>, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a solid-state modulator (SSM) 1800 (J&amp;X Technologies, Shanghai, China) was used to qualitatively analyze the volatile compounds of SO (B. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib17"><span>Wang et al., 2023</span></a>).</p><p>Volatile compounds were detected as previously described (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib2"><span>Duan et al., 2025</span></a>), with some modifications. Mass spectra were acquired over the range of 40–450 <i>m/z</i>. Ultra-purity helium (99.999% purity) served as the carrier gas, flowing at a rate of 1.2 mL/min. A splitless injection mode was used. The oven temperature program was set to 40 °C and held this temperature for 2 min, slowly increased to 230 °C at 4 °C per min, and held at 230 °C for 5 min. The detector temperature was set to 250 °C. The quadrupole temperature and transfer line temperature were 150 °C and 250 °C, respectively. An electron impact ion source with an electron energy of 70 eV was used. The ion source temperature was set to 230 °C. A full scan mode was applied for acquisition. Two columns were used inside the GC oven: the first was a polar column, DB-wax (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm; Agilent Technologies); the second was a mid-polar column, DB−17 (mid-polar, 1.85 m × 0.18 mm × 0.18 μm; J&amp;X Technologies). SSM1800 was placed between them for the heating and cooling stages. The SSM modulation period was 4 s. GC×GC-MS was used solely for qualitative confirmation of compounds that co-eluted in GC-MS.</p><h5><strong>2.5. GC-MS</strong></h5><p>Volatile compounds were analyzed semi-quantitatively by GC-MS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7890A"><strong>7890A</strong></a>−<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/gcms/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7000B"><strong>7000B</strong></a>; Agilent Technologies), and 2-methyl−3-heptanone was used as an internal standard. GC-MS analysis was performed using a DB-wax column (polar, 30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm; Agilent Technologies, Folsom, CA, USA) to distinguish the volatile compounds. The carrier gas (ultra-pure helium, 99.999%) was delivered at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The method, heating, and mass spectrometry conditions are consistent with those described in Section 2.4. All quantitative and fingerprint similarity analyses were based on the GC-MS data obtained from this section.</p><h4><strong>3. Results and discussion</strong></h4><h5><strong>3.2. Analysis of volatile compounds</strong></h5><p>The GC×GC-MS result of JH and the GC-MS results of JH, MSO 5 (50% MO), and MSE 3 (0.6% SOE) are shown in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#fig0005"><span>Fig. 1</span></a>. A total of 85 volatile compounds were identified in the SO, MSO, and MSE samples, and 33 common peaks were identified, including ketone (1), acid (1), nitrogen-containing compounds (16), sulfur-containing compounds (7), furans (3), aldehyde (1), and phenolic compounds (4, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#tbl0015"><span>Table 3</span></a>).</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Journal_of_Food_Composition_and_Analysis_2026_155_109277_Fig_1_A_and_B_respectively_represent_the_three_dimensional_chromatogram_and_two_dimensional_chromatogram_336c1e9b86.jpg" alt="Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2026, 155:109277: Fig. 1. (A) and (B) respectively represent the three-dimensional chromatogram and two-dimensional chromatogram of volatile compounds within the JH−1 sesame oil sample; (C)-(E) respectively represent the GC-MS results of volatile compounds within the JH−1, MSO 6 (50% MO), and MSE 3 (0.6% MSE)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Journal_of_Food_Composition_and_Analysis_2026_155_109277_Fig_1_A_and_B_respectively_represent_the_three_dimensional_chromatogram_and_two_dimensional_chromatogram_336c1e9b86.jpg 119w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="2107"></p><h5><strong>3.3. Establishment of GC-MS fingerprints and similarity analysis of volatile substances</strong></h5><p>The GC-MS volatile compound data from the test SO samples were imported into the Fingerprint Similarity System to generate chromatographic fingerprints. The reference fingerprint profile was constructed as the arithmetic mean of all profiles (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#fig0015"><span>Fig. 3</span></a>). Similarity values between the sample fingerprints and reference were calculated to evaluate compositional consistency. The SO samples showed a reference fingerprint similarity of 0.910–0.993 (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#tbl0020"><span>Table 4</span></a>), surpassing the 0.900 benchmark (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib10"><span>Ma et al., 2024</span></a>). This demonstrates a consistent composition of key volatile components across samples with minimal quality variation, satisfying the fundamental fingerprinting and quality assessment requirements for traditional SO.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Journal_of_Food_Composition_and_Analysis_2026_155_109277_Fig_3_Reference_fingerprint_of_volatile_compounds_b17f79ad1a.jpg" alt="Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2026, 155:109277: Fig. 3. Reference fingerprint of volatile compounds in traditional SO established by GC-MS. Different numbers are represented the different compounds in Table 2." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Journal_of_Food_Composition_and_Analysis_2026_155_109277_Fig_3_Reference_fingerprint_of_volatile_compounds_b17f79ad1a.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="584"></p><h4><strong>4. Conclusion</strong></h4><p>This study established a volatile compound fingerprinting method using HS‑SPME‑GC‑MS with GC×GC‑MS‑assisted identification for the authentication of traditional sesame oil. A total of 33 common volatile peaks were identified, with pyrazines and guaiacol as major contributors. OPLS‑DA models (R²Y &gt; 0.98, Q² &gt; 0.97) demonstrated robust discrimination between authentic and adulterated oils, as well as between the two adulteration types. Compounds with VIP &gt; 1 and p &lt; 0.05 were identified as potential key markers. Selected key markers were then subjected to external standard quantification, and the obtained absolute concentrations were used to perform PCA. All calibration curves showed excellent linearity (R² &gt; 0.997), and the external standard PCA clearly separated sesame oil essence from all other samples. Fingerprint similarity analysis, validated by ROC (AUC = 1.000, optimal cutoff 0.8935), showed that adulterated samples had similarity values below 0.9, clearly distinguishing them from authentic oils. The method successfully detected maize oil dilution adulteration as low as 5% and sesame oil essence adulteration as low as 0.2%.</p><p>Compared with previous methods (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib1"><span>Aghili et al., 2023</span></a>; <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib18"><span>Wang et al., 2024a</span></a>; <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib20"><span>Xing et al., 2019</span></a>; <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157526004205#bib26"><span>Zhang et al., 2016</span></a>), our approach uniquely detects both dilution and essence adulteration in a single workflow, achieves lower detection limits (5% for MO, 0.2% for SOE), and provides an intuitive 0.900 similarity threshold without complex chemometric modeling. While non‑destructive methods (e‑nose, IMS) are more suitable for rapid screening, our approach offers higher chemical specificity, the ability to distinguish between dilution and essence adulteration, and an intuitive similarity threshold. Current limitations include testing only maize oil and one essence type, and validation on laboratory‑prepared samples. Future work will expand to other adulterants (soybean, rapeseed oil) and blind commercial samples. Overall, this method provides a reproducible, empirically validated tool for traditional sesame oil authentication. Furthermore, external standard quantification in the present study was performed only for a selected set of key volatile markers (VIP&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;1 and p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.05). The same approach can be extended to other compounds in future studies, enabling odor activity value (OAV) calculations for deeper insights into sensory contributions, more precise adulteration level prediction, and improved model robustness across different production batches.</p></div></div></div></div></div>

Volatile compound fingerprinting for traditional sesame oil authentication using GC-MS with GC×GC-MS-assisted identification

Comprehensive investigation of matrix effect evaluation approaches for reliable quantification in bioanalysis using UHPLC-MS/MS

<p><span><strong>This study compares loss-on-ignition, acid decarbonation, and combustion elemental analysis for measuring organic carbon in sediments using certified reference materials and real samples. Loss-on-ignition conversions were inaccurate, while acid washing before elemental analysis caused significant organic carbon loss and poor precision.</strong></span></p><p><span>Combustion pretreatment followed by elemental analysis provided accurate and precise organic and inorganic carbon measurements, confirmed by temperature-dependent combustion. Across more than 150 intertidal sediment samples, acid decarbonation underestimated organic carbon by 37% ± 8%, supporting combustion-based elemental analysis as the preferred approach for reliable sediment carbon determination.</span></p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#s0055"><strong>Comparing loss-on-ignition, acid decarbonation and combustion elemental analysis for measuring organic carbon concentrations – recommendations for best practice</strong></a></h4><p>Robert B. Sparkes, Stuart A. Rae, Lucy McMahon, Hannah L. Mossman, David McKendry, Clare E. Dean, Graham Tinsley, Frances Fowden, Connor J. Grisdale, Hafiza Begum, Holly Hope, Charlotte McEnhill, Samuel O’Boyle, Nawal Sohail, Marvyn Wachira, Rachel M. Dunk</p><p>Organic Geochemistry, Volume 218, 2026, 105215</p><div><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2026.105215"><span>10.1016/j.orggeochem.2026.105215</span></a></div><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><p><strong>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.</strong></p><div><div><div><div><div><p>Environmental and Earth scientists frequently require measurements of carbon contents, including both the total carbon concentration (TC) and the fractions contributed by carbon from organic matter (organic carbon; OC) and carbonate minerals (inorganic carbon; IC; <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0025"><span>Bendle et al., 2009</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0220"><span>Radabaugh et al., 2018</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0230"><span>Saderne et al., 2019</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0240"><span>Scheingross et al., 2019</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0260"><span>Smeaton et al., 2021</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0295"><span>Vonk et al., 2012</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0315"><span>Wood et al., 2021</span></a>).</p><p>Accurate, precise, and affordable carbon concentration measurements are critical to the drive towards net-zero emissions, which requires monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon burial and release from an array of global environments (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0210"><span>Post et al., 2001</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0265"><span>Smith, 2004</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0270"><span>Smith et al., 2020</span></a>). Carbon concentration measurements also underpin further analyses (e.g. normalising the concentration of individual biomarker compounds against the total organic carbon concentration, calculating elemental carbon to nitrogen ratios (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0290"><span>van Dongen et al., 2008</span></a>), determining the correct sample load for isotope ratio measurements). Despite carbon concentration measurements being ubiquitous throughout multiple disciplines there is no standard approach for making these, especially determining the organic component of the sedimentary carbon (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0080"><span>Fest et al., 2022</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0320"><span>Young et al., 2018</span></a>). Different disciplines have often generated their own consensus approach, which may not align with studies from another field, even those working on similar samples and asking similar questions (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0070"><span>Farmer et al., 2014</span></a>). Use of an agreed standard measurement protocol for carbon concentrations, or understanding the agreement/variability between protocols, is vital for regulatory monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV), such as the ongoing development of carbon offsetting standards that, if implemented robustly, could provide real-world benefits to climate mitigation (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0035"><span>Bonn et al., 2014</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0045"><span>Burden et al., 2023</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0105"><span>Guizar-Coutiño et al., 2022</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0190"><span>Needelman et al., 2018</span></a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0205"><span>Pan et al., 2022</span></a>). Determining a standardised, verified approach to carbon measurement is important for those performing MRV, who may not have access to advanced and/or expensive analytical instrumentation.</p><p>This study compares three common methods for quantifying the total and organic carbon concentrations in sedimentary samples: i) loss-on-ignition, ii) elemental analysis combined with acid decarbonation, and iii) elemental analysis combined with organic matter combustion. The comparison focuses on assessing the accuracy, precision, and repeatability of each method, identifying their respective strengths and weaknesses, and independently confirming findings via a fourth method (temperature dependent combustion and infrared CO<sub>2</sub> measurement) to provide recommendations for best practice. A summary review of these methods is provided below.</p><h4><strong>2. Materials and methods</strong></h4><h5><strong>2.3. Independent testing of reference materials via TDC</strong></h5><p>Standards were analysed by the supplier (Elemental Microanalysis Ltd, UK) as part of the certification process: 15/30 elemental analysis measurements gave expected values of TC, OC and IC and the uncertainty for TC, following ISO/IEC17025. These values were independently checked using an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/icpms/library?mainauthorItems=16&amp;search=Soli+TOC"><strong>Elementar SoliTOC cube</strong></a> instrument at the instrument manufacturer’s headquarters (Elementar Analysensysteme, Hanau, Germany), which used the TDC method. Two combustion ramps were applied, first a two-step OC and IC determination at 500 °C and 900 °C, and then a three-step programme at 400 °C and 600 °C for easily-combustible and residual OC fractions and 900 °C for IC, with three repeat measurements of each. The SoliTOC cube instrument also analysed the agricultural soil sample, again making three repeat measurements of both the two-step and three-step temperature dependent combustion protocols (see Supplementary Table 3).</p><h5><strong>2.5. Elemental analysis</strong></h5><p>Total carbon concentrations were measured following the protocol described in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0180"><span>Mossman et al. (2022)</span></a>. 20&nbsp;mg of either untreated or pre-treated sample was weighed into tin capsules (Elemental Microanalysis Ltd.) and analysed for carbon concentrations using a Vario EL cube elemental analyser (Elementar Ltd.). Before each analytical run, the instrument was cleaned using three blanks without oxygen and seven blanks with oxygen, and calibrated using five analyses of up to 14&nbsp;mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) standard (Elemental Microanalysis Ltd.) and three analyses of an independent Soil Standard (Clay) CRM, acquired separately to the Soil Standard (Clay) CRM used to create analytical samples for this study (Elemental Microanalysis Ltd.). Three analyses of the EDTA calibration standard were repeated after every twenty samples. Long-term drift was monitored by repeated measurements of an internal laboratory standard sample, which has been analysed since 2015. Over the course of 65 measurements across 10 instrument runs for this study the laboratory standard showed no systematic drift.</p><h4><strong>3. Results and discussion</strong></h4><h5><strong>3.1. Testing of certified reference materials (CRMs) using temperature dependent combustion (TDC)</strong></h5><p>Both two-step and three-step TDC protocols consistently measured carbon contents close to but slightly below the supplier-certified values (see <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#f0005"><span>Fig. 1</span></a>). For Soil Standard (Clay), the TDC instrument under-estimated OC by 0.10&nbsp;wt% (two-step) and 0.14&nbsp;wt% (three-step) and IC by 0.15&nbsp;wt% (two-step) and 0.087&nbsp;wt% (three-step). For Soil Standard (Peaty) the TDC instrument underestimated OC by 0.26&nbsp;wt% (two-step) and 0.34&nbsp;wt% (three-step), and IC by 0.021&nbsp;wt% (two-step) and 0.090&nbsp;wt% (three-step). Relative differences for OC are small, 5.1 – 7.0% for Clay and just 1.7 – 2.2% for Peaty, but higher for IC due to the small amount of IC present in the standards (25 – 44% for Clay, 7.0 – 30% for Peaty).</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Organic_Geochemistry_Volume_218_2026_105215_Fig_1_Comparison_of_organic_carbon_and_inorganic_carbon_measurements_on_two_certified_reference_materials_using_four_methods_31537717b3.jpg" alt="Organic Geochemistry, Volume 218, 2026, 105215: Fig. 1. Comparison of organic carbon and inorganic carbon measurements on two certified reference materials using four methods. Upper panel is Soil Standard (Clay) and lower panel Soil Standard (Peaty). Yellow diamonds show the certified value (Elemental Microanalysis Ltd) with manufacturer stated uncertainty in total carbon used as error bars for OC and IC (n = 30). White and grey symbols represent Loss-on-Ignition results using four different organic matter to organic carbon conversion equations (grey sqaures use the “van Bemmelen” scaling factor (Pribyl, 2010), grey circles the Craft et al. (1991) factor, white diamonds the Ouyang and Lee (2020) equation and white circles the Smeaton et al. (2022) equation. IC values for all LoI results use the C/CO2 mass fraction (Wang et al., 2011). Blue circles show the acid decarbonation and elemental analysis protocol, orange circles the combustion and elemental analysis protocol. Green and purple circles show mean results from temperature dependent combustion method (2-step and 3-step protocols respectively). Error bars represent one standard deviation after multiple measurements (n = 2 to n = 4). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Organic_Geochemistry_Volume_218_2026_105215_Fig_1_Comparison_of_organic_carbon_and_inorganic_carbon_measurements_on_two_certified_reference_materials_using_four_methods_31537717b3.jpg 116w," sizes="100vw" width="2756" height="3698"></p><h5><strong>3.4. Reproducibility tests</strong></h5><p>Having shown that combustion coupled with elemental analysis was the most robust method for measuring OC in pure and diluted standards, the next experiment tested the reproducibility of these protocols over multiple implementations. A dried, ground agricultural soil sample was repeatedly analysed using each method (separate aliquots were measured using LoI at 500 °C and 800 °C, separate untreated aliquots were analysed via EA, separate aliquots were combusted at 500 °C and analysed via EA, and separate acid decarbonations were carried out prior to EA measurements). This required a large amount of starting material, more than was available in the CRMs. Independent external measurement of the soil sample using temperature dependent combustion (Elementar, Germany) gave mean OC&nbsp;=&nbsp;2.50&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.002&nbsp;wt% and IC&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.29&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.008&nbsp;wt% for combustion to 500 °C (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;3), whereas combustion to 600 °C gave OC&nbsp;=&nbsp;2.52&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.075 and IC&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.12&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.010&nbsp;wt% (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;3).</p><div><p>LoI showed differences in mean OC depending on the equation chosen (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#f0010"><span>Fig. 2</span></a>). The conversions of <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0050"><span>Craft et al. (1991)</span></a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0200"><span>Ouyang and Lee (2020)</span></a> were similar to the independent measurements (2.90&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.05&nbsp;wt% and 2.60&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.07&nbsp;wt% respectively; n&nbsp;=&nbsp;9 for each), but the equations of <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#b0255"><span>Smeaton et al. (2022)</span></a> and van Bemmelen over-estimated OC (4.19&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.05 and 4.21&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.08&nbsp;wt% respectively; n&nbsp;=&nbsp;9 for each). IC estimates using the C/CO<sub>2</sub> mass fraction conversion were higher than the expected value (1.91&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.06&nbsp;wt%, n&nbsp;=&nbsp;9). Note that the relative standard deviation for OC<sub>LoI</sub> was&nbsp;∼&nbsp;1.8%, and 3.2% for IC<sub>LoI</sub>, showing acceptable run-to-run precision.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Organic_Geochemistry_Volume_218_2026_105215_Fig_2_Organic_and_inorganic_carbon_measurements_following_repeated_analysis_of_a_homogenised_soil_sample_via_multiple_methods_c5d62ece0b.jpg" alt="Organic Geochemistry, Volume 218, 2026, 105215: Fig. 2. Organic and inorganic carbon measurements following repeated analysis of a homogenised soil sample via multiple methods. Markers for each method are shown in the legend and are the same as Fig. 1. Small black circles and error bars show the mean and one standard deviation after multiple repetitions of each protocol (n = 9 for LoI, C-EA and AD-EA, n = 3 for TDC)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Organic_Geochemistry_Volume_218_2026_105215_Fig_2_Organic_and_inorganic_carbon_measurements_following_repeated_analysis_of_a_homogenised_soil_sample_via_multiple_methods_c5d62ece0b.jpg 204w," sizes="100vw" width="2363" height="1815"></p><p>Since OC<sub>C-EA</sub> and IC<sub>AD-EA</sub> were calculated by subtraction from mean TC<sub>EA</sub>, all data from the C-EA and AD-EA methods plotted on a straight line in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638026000902#f0010"><span>Fig. 2</span></a>, representing OC&nbsp;+&nbsp;IC&nbsp;=&nbsp;TC. However, position and scatter along that line varied between the two pre-treatment techniques. OC<sub>C-EA</sub> clustered just higher than the independent measurements using TDC (2.60&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.03&nbsp;wt%, n&nbsp;=&nbsp;9). Propagating the errors in TC and IC gave a combined error estimate of&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.1&nbsp;wt% for the repeated OC<sub>C-EA</sub> measurements. IC<sub>C-EA</sub> was also close to but slightly higher than the TCD results, 1.35&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.03&nbsp;wt%. AD-EA, however, gave mean OC values of 2.00&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.12&nbsp;wt% (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;9) which was more variable run-to-run than the other methods and gave a significantly (p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.0001) lower mean OC value than the TCD results. Once again, acid decarbonation results suggested that a large amount of organic matter was lost during the acid treatment, tested further in the next section.</p></div><h4><strong>4.3. Conclusions</strong></h4><p>An accurate, precise, efficient, and standardised method for measuring total, organic and inorganic carbon contents of sediment samples is critical for both scientific research and environmental monitoring and reporting and verification. We rigorously tested three methods for measuring carbon contents in soils and intertidal sediments, using certified reference materials and&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;150 sediment samples. Loss-on-ignition (LoI) is cheap and easy but showed moderate run-to-run variability and, without careful calibration, it is not accurate.</p><p>Elemental analysis (EA) is an accurate and precise method for total carbon (TC) analysis. Measuring organic and inorganic carbon via EA requires pre-treatment of the sample, and this study tested both acid decarbonation and combustion preparation techniques. Acid decarbonation led to significant and variable organic carbon loss, meaning that true organic carbon concentrations are likely higher than those measured following acidification. Combustion pre-treatment was shown to efficiently remove organic matter, leading to accurate and precise results, and we would recommend making organic carbon measurements in this way.</p></div></div></div></div></div>

Comparing loss-on-ignition, acid decarbonation and combustion elemental analysis for measuring organic carbon concentrations – recommendations for best practice

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Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS10 IC Columns

Analyze trace-levels of inorganic anions and organic acids using isocratic or gradient methods with the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS10 IC Column.

<p><strong>Analyze trace-levels of inorganic anions and organic acids using isocratic or gradient methods with the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS10 IC Column. Its high capacity permits the analysis of trace-level analytes in high-ionic-strength matrices. Use the Dionex IonPac AS10 column for the analysis of inorganic anions in high nitrate samples.</strong></p><h5><strong>Superior Chromatographic Performance in High Nitrate Samples</strong></h5><ul><li>Excellent resolution of weakly retained low-molecular-weight aliphatic acids</li><li>Selectivity and high capacity for analysis of trace-level analytes in high-ionic-strength matrices</li><li>Strongly retains nitrate for high-resolution analysis of trace anions in nitric acid and nitrate salts</li></ul><h5><strong>For Best Results</strong></h5><ul><li>Use a Dionex eluent generator for simplified eluent preparation for applications using less than 100mN hydroxide</li><li>Use the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Anion Self-Regenerating Suppressor (ASRS™ 300) with the Dionex IonPac AS10 column for continuous suppression of traditional eluents and more concentrated eluents up to 200mM NaOH</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 170 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Hydroxide</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Separation of Inorganic Anions and Organic Acids</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkanol Quaternary Ammonium Ion</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 4000 psi (275 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> IonPac AS10</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li><li><strong>pH: </strong>0 to 14</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS11 IC Columns

Resolve a large number of inorganic anions and organic acids in approximately 15 minutes with the Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS11 Analytical & Guard Column. 

<p><strong>Resolve a large number of inorganic anions and organic acids in approximately 15 minutes with the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS11 Analytical &amp; Guard Column. The Dionex IonPac AS11 is a relatively low-capacity column designed for fast gradient screening of inorganic anions and organic acid anions in simple sample matrices such as from foods, beverages, chemical process solutions, wastewaters, brines, and power plant waters.</strong></p><h5><strong>Superior Chromatographic Performance:</strong></h5><ul><li>Facilitates rapid analysis of organic acids and inorganic anions in well-characterized samples</li><li>Ideal for highly charged anions, including polyphosphates and polycarboxylates</li><li>Resolves organic acids and inorganic anions in complex sample matrices</li><li>Shortens analysis time and speeds throughput</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Anion Exchange Capacity:</strong> 45 μeq</li><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 45 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Hydroxide</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Acid Anions</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkanol Quaternary Ammonium Ion</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 4000 psi (275 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> IonPac AS11</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li><li><strong>pH: </strong>0 to 14</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS12A IC Columns

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS12A Analytical and Guard Columns resolve trace chloride and sulfate in high-carbonate samples

<p><strong>Separate inorganic anions and oxyhalides, such as chlorite and bromate, in environmental samples. The Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS12A Analytical and Guard Columns resolve trace chloride and sulfate in high-carbonate samples and meet or exceed the requirements of U.S EPA Methods 300.0 (A) and (B). However, the advanced, high-capacity IonPac AS23 Carbonate Eluent Anion-Exchange column is recommended for determination of oxyhalides and inorganic anions, such as trace bromate, in ozonated drinking water.</strong></p><h5><strong>Fast Isocratic Separation of Inorganic Anions and Oxyhalides in Diverse Matrices</strong></h5><ul><li>Compliance monitoring of common anions in drinking water as specified in U.S. EPA Method 300.0 (A) and (B)</li><li>Separation of common inorganic anions and oxyhalides including chlorite, bromate and chlorate in less than 12 minutes</li><li>Superior retention and quantification of fluoride</li><li>Trace analysis of chloride and sulfate in high-carbonate samples</li><li>Solvent compatibility permits easy column cleanup after the analysis of samples with hydrophobic components.</li></ul><h5><strong>Multiple Formats Available for Application Flexibility</strong></h5><ul><li>4x200mm, 2x200mm analytical columns</li><li>4x50mm, 2x50mm guard columns</li><li>Longer 200mm columns facilitate higher resolution separations of more complex sample matrices</li><li>Smaller i.d. columns provide higher mass sensitivity, eluent and reagent conservation and lower operating costs</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Anion Exchange Capacity:</strong> 52 μeq</li><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 52 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Carbonate/Bicarbonate</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Separation of Inorganic Anions</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 4000 psi (275 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> IonPac AS12A</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS11-HC IC Columns

Resolve a large number of inorganic anions and organic acid anions in complex matrices with the Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS11-HC Capillary, Analytical & Guard Column.

<p><strong>Resolve a large number of inorganic anions and organic acid anions in complex matrices with the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS11-HC Capillary, Analytical &amp; Guard Column. Complex sample matrices such as chemical wastewater effluents and fermentation broth solutions contain a variety of inorganic anions and organic acids. With the high-capacity Dionex IonPac AS11-HC column, you can inject higher concentration samples without column overloading or peak broadening.</strong></p><p>The Dionex IonPac AS11-HC column was specifically designed to resolve analytes in a single run using a hydroxide gradient. The high-capacity column delivers improved separation for monovalent carboxylic acids including: quinate, lactate, acetate, propionate, formate, and butyrate.</p><h5><strong>High Capacity for Higher Resolution</strong></h5><ul><li>Requires longer retention times, but with higher resolution</li><li>Facilitates rapid analysis of organic acids and anions in well-characterized samples</li><li>Ideal for organic acids and anions in complex sample matrices or uncharacterized samples</li><li>Recommended for monovalent and divalent organic acids</li></ul><h5><strong>Reduce Operating Costs With Lower Eluent Requirements</strong></h5><p>The new Dionex IonPac AS11-HC Capillary column is packed with the same material as the equivalent standard bore and microbore versions (providing the same performance as a 4mm and 2mm column) using only 1% of the eluent flow rate, which helps reduce operating costs.</p><p>Use the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ ICE-AS1 or ICE-AS6 columns for organic acids in high-ionic-strength samples.</p><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Anion Exchange Capacity:</strong> 290 μeq</li><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 290 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Hydroxide</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Anion Exchange</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkanol Quaternary Ammonium Ion</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 4000 psi (275 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> IonPac AS11-HC</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS14 IC Columns

Deliver excellent results for fast isocratic separations of inorganic anions in diverse matrices with the Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS14 Carbon Eluent Anion-Exchange Column.

<p><strong>Deliver excellent results for fast isocratic separations of inorganic anions in diverse matrices with the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS14 Carbon Eluent Anion-Exchange Column. This universal column for the separation of inorganic anions delivers improved peak resolution and retention of fluoride in applications performed previously with the Dionex IonPac AS4A, AS4A-SC and AS12A columns, however, the Dionex IonPac AS22 Carbonate Eluent Anion-Exchange column, an advanced carbonate eluent column, is recommended for fast analysis of inorganic anions.</strong></p><h5><strong>Fast Separation of Inorganic Anions in Diverse Matrices</strong></h5><ul><li>Compliance monitoring of common anions in drinking water as specified in U.S. EPA Method 300.0 (A)</li><li>Separation of common inorganic anions in 13 min in drinking water, wastewater, food &amp; beverages, scrubber solutions, and other diverse sample matrices</li><li>Superior retention and quantification of fluoride, glycolate, acetate, and formate</li><li>Compatible with a sodium tetraborate gradient to optimize difficult separations</li><li>Solvent compatibility permits easy column cleanup after the analysis of samples with hydrophobic components.</li></ul><h5><strong>Multiple Formats Available for Application Flexibility</strong></h5><ul><li>4x250mm, 2x250mm analytical columns</li><li>4x50mm, 2x50mm guard columns</li><li>Longer 25mm columns facilitate higher resolution separations of more complex sample matrices</li><li>Smaller i.d. columns provide higher mass sensitivity, eluent and reagent conservation and lower operating costs</li></ul><p><i><strong>Note: </strong>Use with the Dionex IonPac AS14 Eluent Concentrate for simple, accurate eluent preparation.</i></p><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Anion Exchange Capacity:</strong> 65 μeq</li><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 65 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Carbonate/Bicarbonate</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Analysis of Fluorides and Other Inorganic Anions</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 4000 psi (275 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 2 to 12, 0 to 100% HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> IonPac AS14</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li><li><strong>pH: </strong>2<strong> </strong>to 12</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS28-Fast-4μm IC Columns

Analyze trace inorganic anions and low molecular weight organic acids using the Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS28-Fast-4μm ion chromatography (IC) columns. 

<p><strong>Analyze trace inorganic anions and low molecular weight organic acids using the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS28-Fast-4μm ion chromatography (IC) columns. Designed specifically for trace level analysis of high purity water from semiconductor and power industries, this column combines the selectivity of the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS15 column, with fast, high efficiency, and high resolution separations. The Dionex IonPac AS28-Fast-4μm columns uses smaller 4μm resin particles for more efficient separations resulting in more accurate peak integration and more reliable results.</strong></p><h5><strong>Applications for Dionex IonPac AS28-Fast-4μm IC Columns</strong></h5><ul><li>Separation of common anions and low molecular weight organic acids</li><li>For both high purity water matrices and complex matrices including chemical and petrochemical samples</li><li>Compatible with organic solvents to enhance analyte solubility, modify column selectivity, and facilitate effective column clean-up</li></ul><h5><strong>Superior Performance</strong></h5><ul><li>Improved efficiencies and resolution compared to the Dionex IonPac AS15 column</li><li>Easily transfer applications from the Dionex IonPac AS15 column to the AS28-Fast-4μm column due to the similar selectivity</li></ul><h5><strong>For Use With a High-Pressure IC System</strong></h5><p>Higher resolution is achieved through the use of smaller resin particles, which produce a column backpressure over 3000 psi at the standard flow rates. A high-pressure IC system, such as the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ ICS-5000+ HPIC™ or the Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS-4000 Capillary HPIC system is required to operate this column under standard conditions and take advantage of elevated flow rates and faster run times.</p><h5><strong>Reduce Operating Costs With Lower Eluent Requirements</strong></h5><p>The Dionex IonPac AS28-Fast-4μm capillary columns provide the same performance as the standard bore and microbore Dionex IonPac AS28-Fast-4μm columns because they are packed with the same material. Operating costs are reduced because the capillary system operates at only 1% of the eluent flow rate of the standard bore system, requiring less eluent and producing less waste.</p><h5><strong>Multiple Formats Available</strong></h5><ul><li>4 x 150mm and 2 x 150mm analytical columns</li><li>4 x 30mm and 2 x 30mm analytical guard columns</li><li>0.4 x 150mm capillary columns</li><li>0.4 x 35mm capillary guard columns</li><li>Smaller i.d. columns provide higher mass sensitivity, eluent and reagent conservation, and lower operating costs</li></ul><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Anion Exchange Capacity:</strong> 230 μeq</li><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 230 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Hydroxide</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Anion Exchange</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkanol Quaternary Ammonium Ion</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 5000 psi (345 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% Acetonitrile, Methanol, and Isopropanol</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> Super Macroporous Ethylvinylbenzene Polymer Cross-Linked with Divinylbenzene</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS29-Fast-4μm IC Columns

Analyze inorganic anions in high ionic strength matrices using Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ AS29-Fast-4μm ion chromatography (IC) columns.

<p><strong>Analyze inorganic anions in high ionic strength matrices using Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ AS29-Fast-4μm ion chromatography (IC) columns. Specifically designed to handle high ionic strength samples, Dionex IonPac AS29-Fast-4μm columns can easily separate the common inorganic anions in less than 10 minutes and can tolerate samples with high or low pH without requiring any pretreatment. They are ideal for analzying drinking water, wastewater, process streams, and scrubber solutions. Use with the Dionex AS29 Eluent Concentrate for fast, convenient, and reliable eluent preparation.</strong></p><h5><strong>Fast separation of common inorganic anions with excellent resolution</strong></h5><ul><li>Achieve fast, isocratic separation of common inorganic anions in less than 10 minutes.</li><li>Analyze high ionic strength samples without compromising the separation of other analytes.</li><li>Excellent resolution of carbonate away from the common inorganic anions.</li><li>Robust stationary phase can tolerate acidic or basic samples without the need for pretreatment.</li><li>Similar peak efficiency to Dionex IonPac AS22-Fast-4μm column with the same elution order.</li><li>Solvent compatibility permits easy column cleanup after the analysis of samples with hydrophobic components.</li><li>Use with Dionex AS29 Eluent Concentrate for simple and accurate eluent preparation.</li></ul><h5><strong>Use with a High Pressure IC system</strong></h5><p>Higher resolution is achieved through the use of smaller resin particles, which produce a column backpressure over 3000 psi at the standard flow rates. A high-pressure IC system, such as the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ ICS-5000+ HPIC™ system or Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Integrion™ HPIC system is required to operate this column under standard conditions.</p><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Anion Exchange Capacity:</strong> 126 μeq</li><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 126 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Carbonate/Bicarbonate</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Anion Exchange</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkanol Quaternary Ammonium Ion</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 5000 psi (345 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% Organic HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> Super Macroporous Resin</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS30 IC Columns

Achieve high resolution separations of trace oxyhalides and inorganic anions in drinking water with Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS30 columns.

<p><strong>Achieve high resolution separations of trace oxyhalides and inorganic anions in drinking water with Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS30 columns. The column selectivity has been optimized for trace level analysis of bromate in drinking water preserved with ethylenediamine (EDA). EDA is used as a preservative in some drinking water samples and can cause interference with early eluting peaks. The high capacity of this hydroxide-selective anion-exchange column allows large loop injections for trace analysis (μg/L) without sample pre-treatment or preconcentration.</strong></p><h5><strong>Superior Chromatographic Performance</strong></h5><ul><li>Optimized for analysis of trace bromate in drinking water preserved with EDA</li><li>High capacity: 477 μeq/column (4 x 250 mm) allows large loop injections for trace analysis</li><li>Column selectivity has been optimized at an operating temperature of 30°C</li><li>Compatible with organic solvents</li></ul><h5><strong>Unique Selectivity for Samples Preserved with Ethylenediamine</strong></h5><p>The selectivity of the Dionex IonPac AS30 column has been optimized to facilitate quantitation of trace levels of bromate in drinking water containing up to 50 ppm ethylenediamine (EDA). Ethylenediamine is sometimes added to drinking water samples as a preservative and can react with carbonate to produce artifacts that interfere with early eluting analytes such as fluoride. The Dionex IonPac AS30 column minimizes this interference by increasing the separation between fluoride and the EDA carbamate artifact, allowing better integration of the fluoride peak. In comparison to the Dionex IonPac AS19 and IonPac AS27 columns, the Dionex IonPac AS30 column features unique selectivity and much higher column capacity to enable separation of fluoride from the EDA carbamate artifact as well as separation of carbonate and sulfate for better quantification of sulfate.</p><p>The Dionex IonPac AS30 column is suitable for determining bromate at 5 ppb in a matrix containing up to 50 ppm each of chloride, carbonate, and sulfate. For trace bromate analysis below 5 ppb in higher ionic strength matrices (where chloride levels exceed 50 ppm), the Dionex IonPac AS19 column is recommended. Alternatively, the Dionex IonPac AS27 column is recommended for higher ionic strength matrices preserved with EDA.</p><h5><strong>Use with a High-Pressure IC system</strong></h5><p>A high-pressure IC system such as the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ ICS-5000+, Dionex ICS-6000, or Dionex Integrion HPIC™ system is required to use this column under standard operating conditions.</p><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Anion Exchange Capacity:</strong> 6 μeq</li><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 477 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Hydroxide</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Anion Exchange</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkanol Quaternary Ammonium Ion</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 5000 psi (345 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> Super Macroporous Resin</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS32-Fast-4μm IC Columns

Resolve polythionates, persulfate, polysulfonated aromatics, and aromatic dyes and pigments with the Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS32-Fast-4μm column.

<p><strong>Resolve polythionates, persulfate, polysulfonated aromatics, and aromatic dyes and pigments with the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS32-Fast-4μm column. The unique selectivity of the Dionex IonPac AS32-Fast-4μm column allows it to resolve trace amounts of perchlorate in matrices containing high levels of chloride and sulfate within ten minutes using simple, isocratic conditions. Compared to similar anion-exchange columns packed with 7-9μm resin particles, Dionex IonPac AS32-Fast-4μm columns produce more efficient peaks, resulting in more accurate integration and more reliable results.</strong></p><h5><strong>Superior Chromatographic Performance</strong></h5><ul><li>High capacity allows injection of complex matrices without overloading the column while maintaining excellent peak shapes for lower concentration analytes.</li><li>Ultralow hydrophobicity and reduced 150mm column length allow for fast analysis of highly polarizable anions such as perchlorate and iodide with a simple, isocratic eluent.</li><li>Quickly separate disparate concentration ratios (1:1000) of perchlorate in high sulfate matrices using simple, isocratic conditions.</li><li>Separate polythionates such as dithionate, trithionate, and tetrathionate.</li><li>Separate color additives including FD&amp;C Yellow #5, FD&amp;C Yellow #6, FD&amp;C Blue #1, and FD&amp;C Red #40 using a hydroxide gradient.</li></ul><h5><strong>Use with a High-Pressure IC system</strong></h5><p>A high-pressure IC system, such as the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/410"><strong>Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ ICS-6000 HPIC system</strong></a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/408"><strong>Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Integrion™ HPIC system</strong></a> is required to operate this column under standard conditions.</p><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Anion Exchange Capacity:</strong> 126 μeq</li><li><strong>Crosslinking: </strong>55% DVB</li><li><strong>Column Capacity:</strong> 126 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Hydroxide</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Anion Exchange</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkanol Quaternary Ammonium Ion</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 5000 psi (345 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> Super Macroporous Resin</li><li><strong>Format:</strong> Standard Bore</li><li><strong>Packing Material: </strong>Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li></ul>

Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS4A-SC IC Columns

For fast, isocratic separation of inorganic anions in environmental waters, the Thermo Scientific Dionex IonPac AS4A-SC column was the preferred column for many years. 

<p><strong>For fast, isocratic separation of inorganic anions in environmental waters, the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ IonPac™ AS4A-SC column was the preferred column for many years. It was first introduced in 1984 and is the specified column in U.S. EPA Method 300.0 (A). However, the advanced, high-capacity Dionex IonPac AS22 Carbonate Eluent Anion-Exchange column is recommended for fast analysis of inorganic anions in diverse matrices when using carbonate eluents.</strong></p><h5><strong>Fast Isocratic Separation of Inorganic Anions in Simple Matrices</strong></h5><ul><li>Compliance monitoring of common anions in drinking water as specified in U.S. EPA Methods 300.0 (A)</li><li>Separation of common inorganic anions in 10 minutes in water, food and beverages, and other diverse sample matrices</li><li>Compatible with sodium tetraborate gradient to optimize difficult separations</li><li>Solvent compatibility for easy column cleanup after the analysis of samples with hydrophobic components</li></ul><h5><strong>Multiple Formats Available for Application Flexibility</strong></h5><ul><li>4×250mm, 2x250mm analytical columns</li><li>4×50mm, 2x50mm guard columns</li><li>Longer 250mm columns facilitate higher resolution separations of more complex sample matrices</li><li>Smaller i.d. columns provide higher mass sensitivity, eluent and reagent conservation and lower operating costs</li></ul><p><strong>Note:</strong> <i>Use with the Dionex IonPac AS4A Eluent Concentrate for simple, accurate eluent preparation.</i></p><h4><strong>Specifications</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Column Capacity: </strong>20 μeq</li><li><strong>Column Chemistry:</strong> Carbonate/Bicarbonate</li><li><strong>Crosslinking:</strong> 0.5% DVB</li><li><strong>For Use With (Application):</strong> Separation of Inorganic Anions, Anion Exchange</li><li><strong>Ion Exchange Group: </strong>Alkanol Quaternary Ammonium Ion</li><li><strong>Max. Pressure:</strong> 4000 psi (275 bar)</li><li><strong>Solvent Compatibility:</strong> pH 0 to 14, 0 to 100% HPLC Solvents</li><li><strong>Stationary phase:</strong> IonPac AS4A-SC</li><li><strong>Packing Material:</strong> Ethylvinylbenzene/Divinylbenzene</li></ul>

Products focused on Ion chromatography distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific (EMEA) - page 4

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