<p><span><strong>Commercial and public spectral libraries provide broad coverage for LC-MS/MS identification, but they cannot contain every compound that matters to a specific laboratory. Proprietary products, metabolites, intermediates, impurities, degradation products, biomarkers, and internally characterized compounds may be highly relevant even if they are absent from standard reference collections. NIST26 allows laboratories to build their own MS/MS user libraries and integrate them directly into routine search workflows, creating a focused resource tailored to their analytical needs.</strong></span></p><h4><span><strong>Why Create a User MS/MS Library?</strong></span></h4><p><span>User libraries are usually much smaller than commercial or public spectral databases, but their value is not determined by size alone.</span></p><p><span>A laboratory-specific library may contain exactly the compounds most important for a particular application. These can include:</span></p><ul><li><span>proprietary products,</span></li><li><span>known metabolites,</span></li><li><span>synthesis intermediates,</span></li><li><span>impurities,</span></li><li><span>degradation products,</span></li><li><span>biomarkers,</span></li><li><span>compounds associated with specific industrial or environmental samples.</span></li></ul><p><span>Such libraries can therefore provide highly relevant identifications in pharmaceutical development, industrial R&amp;D, medical laboratories, environmental analysis, and other specialized fields. A relatively small collection of carefully characterized compounds may be more useful for a particular laboratory than a much larger general-purpose database.&nbsp;</span></p><h4><span><strong>What Information Can Be Stored with Each Spectrum?</strong></span></h4><p><span>Creating a useful library entry involves more than importing an MS/MS spectrum.</span></p><p><span>A complete record can combine several types of information, including the experimental spectrum, chemical structure, instrumental parameters, ionization information, sample history, and additional user-defined metadata.</span></p><p><span>Spectra can be transferred from vendor software into NIST Library Search, or they can be sent from the Chromatogram tab directly to the Library Search environment in NIST26. Chemical structures can be imported through the Windows clipboard from a molecular drawing program, while standard experimental parameters and sample-history information can be prepared separately and added to the entry.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>The ability to keep analytical metadata together with the spectrum is particularly important for internally generated libraries because it preserves the context in which the reference spectrum was acquired.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Using Tags to Organize LC-MS/MS Metadata</strong></span></h4><p><span>NIST26 supports a range of structured tags for LC-MS/MS spectra.</span></p><p><span>These can describe parameters such as:</span></p><ul><li><span>spectrum type,</span></li><li><span>compound type,</span></li><li><span>ion name,</span></li><li><span>precursor type,</span></li><li><span>precursor </span><i><span>m/z</span></i><span>,</span></li><li><span>collision energy,</span></li><li><span>instrument type,</span></li><li><span>sample identifier,</span></li><li><span>ionization mode,</span></li><li><span>ion polarity,</span></li><li><span>collision gas,</span></li><li><span>pressure,</span></li><li><span>mass range,</span></li><li><span>maximum intensity,</span></li><li><span>cone voltage,</span></li><li><span>charge,</span></li><li><span>molecular weight,</span></li><li><span>known impurities,</span></li><li><span>related CAS numbers,</span></li><li><span>peptide sequence and peptide modifications.</span></li></ul><p><span>This provides a convenient way to attach searchable and standardized experimental information to spectra rather than leaving all metadata in an unstructured comment field.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>Tags can be entered individually through the <strong>Additional Info</strong> section in the Librarian interface, but when many spectra are being added, a grouped approach can be considerably faster.&nbsp;</span></p><h4><span><strong>Adding Groups of Tags Efficiently</strong></span></h4><p><span>For repetitive workflows, metadata can be prepared in advance and pasted into NIST26 as a group.</span></p><p><span>The presentation recommends maintaining frequently used tag sets in a simple text document, then copying them into the synonym field and using <strong>Add to List</strong> to convert them into structured information.</span></p><p><span>This is especially useful when the vendor software already transfers some parameters automatically. Users can then add only the missing information, such as ion adduct or polarity, rather than duplicating metadata already imported with the spectrum.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>Care is required because entering information that is already present may create duplicate metadata.</span></p><p><span>This workflow can substantially accelerate library creation when many spectra share the same instrument configuration or acquisition parameters.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Preserving Sample History</strong></span></h4><p><span>A spectral match is more useful when the origin of the reference spectrum is known.</span></p><p><span>NIST26 therefore allows detailed sample information to be stored in the comment field. For batches of related samples, the text can be prepared in Notepad or another editor and pasted into multiple records.</span></p><p><span>Examples of useful information include sampling location, sampling date and time, analyst name, organization, internal sample identifier, project information, or other relevant context.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>For environmental, clinical, pharmaceutical, and industrial laboratories, this information can become an important part of data traceability.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Adding Molecular Structures</strong></span></h4><p><span>A user library becomes considerably more useful when spectra are linked to molecular structures.</span></p><p><span>Structures can be created from scratch in a chemical drawing program. Alternatively, a similar structure can be located in NIST Search and sent to the default structure editor, where it can be modified as needed.</span></p><p><span>Once completed, the structure can be copied to the Windows clipboard and inserted into the NIST Librarian spectrum-information window. NIST26 can then calculate the molecular formula and molecular weight from the imported structure.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>This linkage between spectrum and structure supports more informative library displays and structure-based searching.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Creating Custom User-Defined Tags</strong></span></h4><p><span>In addition to the standard LC-MS/MS tags, laboratories can define their own metadata fields.</span></p><p><span>Examples shown include identifiers such as:</span></p><ul><li><span>chemist,</span></li><li><span>laboratory notebook number,</span></li><li><span>analyst.</span></li></ul><p><span>The information can be prepared in a text editor and added using the appropriate tag syntax. Once configured in the <strong>Comment Field Display</strong> settings, these values are displayed as separate structured lines rather than remaining embedded in the general comments.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>This flexibility makes the library more suitable for laboratories with established internal documentation systems or quality-management requirements.</span></p><p><span>NIST can also automatically add information such as the InChIKey and an estimated retention index when appropriate structural information is available.&nbsp;</span></p><h4><span><strong>High-Resolution and Low-Resolution Libraries Should Be Kept Separate</strong></span></h4><p><span>User libraries do not have to contain only high-resolution spectra.</span></p><p><span>Low-resolution MS/MS spectra may also be valuable, including spectra generated by:</span></p><ul><li><span>in-source collision on single-quadrupole instruments,</span></li><li><span>triple-quadrupole MS/MS,</span></li><li><span>other nominal-mass workflows.</span></li></ul><p><span>The recommendation is to maintain <strong>separate high-resolution and low-resolution user libraries</strong>, because the appropriate search strategies and handling can differ.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>Low-resolution spectra can still generate strong library-search results and may be particularly useful when laboratories want to preserve historical data or incorporate spectra from multiple instrument types.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Important Software Considerations When Importing Spectra</strong></span></h4><p><span>The presentation also highlights several practical software issues that users should be aware of.</span></p><p><span>One concerns the <strong>Intensity Threshold</strong> setting in the Spectrum Import Options window. When an intensity threshold is applied during import from vendor software, high-resolution spectral values may be converted to nominal mass rather than preserving the expected decimal precision.</span></p><p><span>For laboratories building high-resolution user libraries, this is an important detail because accurate-mass information is one of the main advantages of HRMS data.</span></p><p><span>Another issue affects some library-search modes after high-resolution spectra are added to a user library.</span></p><h4><span><strong>HiRes No Precursor and Hybrid Search Limitations</strong></span></h4><p><span>After adding high-resolution spectra, certain <strong>HiRes NoPrecursor</strong> and <strong>Similarity Hybrid MS/MS</strong> searches may not function correctly.</span></p><p><span>A workaround involves exporting the affected library using <strong>Lib2NIST</strong> into MSP ASCII files together with the associated molecular structure files, then importing the data back into NIST library format.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>The presentation specifically warns against attempting the problematic MS/MS Hybrid Search under these conditions because it may cause the software to crash.</span></p><p><span>An EI Normal search can mimic some of the functionality of HiRes No Precursor and may work effectively when high- and low-resolution libraries are searched together. HiRes NoPrecursor can also operate with presearch disabled, although this can make searching considerably slower.&nbsp;</span></p><h4><span><strong>Display Issues in the Chromatogram Window</strong></span></h4><p><span>Another software behavior concerns how spectral values are displayed in the Chromatogram tab.</span></p><p><span>Values from Spectrum Import Options are reflected in the head-to-head spectral display. If settings are adjusted for low-resolution spectra, the displayed masses may appear truncated.</span></p><p><span>Importantly, this visual behavior does <strong>not</strong> affect the results in the accurate-mass deconvolution and library-searching table; it affects only the spectral display at the top of the Chromatogram window.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>Distinguishing display behavior from actual processing results is important to avoid misinterpreting valid search results as corrupted data.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Updating the Library After Adding New Entries</strong></span></h4><p><span>User-library maintenance does not end when a spectrum has been added.</span></p><p><span>Whenever a new entry containing a molecular structure is introduced, the <strong>structure index should be updated</strong> so that the new compound can be included properly in structure searching.</span></p><p><span>The InChIKey appears to update with the structure, but if duplicate records are not being handled correctly, the InChIKey index may also need to be rebuilt.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>If a new library folder is added to the NIST26 MSSEARCH directory while the software is already running, users should also update the library list so that the newly added collection becomes available without restarting the entire environment.&nbsp;</span></p><h4><span><strong>Using Lib2NIST to Repair High-Resolution User Libraries</strong></span></h4><p><span>The <strong>Lib2NIST</strong> utility plays an important role in resolving some high-resolution library-search issues.</span></p><p><span>The workflow involves exporting the problematic high-resolution library to an MSP file together with its molecular structure files and then re-importing the data into NIST library format.</span></p><p><span>The corrected library can then be placed back into the NIST26 MSSEARCH directory. It is advisable to preserve the original library under a different name until the repaired version has been tested successfully.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span>The presentation also recommends closing NIST Search while performing Lib2NIST conversions.</span></p><h4><span><strong>Small Libraries Can Deliver High Analytical Value</strong></span></h4><p><span>The central message is straightforward: a user library does not need to contain hundreds of thousands of compounds to be useful.</span></p><p><span>A carefully curated collection of spectra from compounds that repeatedly appear in a laboratory's own samples can dramatically improve identification relevance. This is especially valuable for compounds that are proprietary, newly synthesized, application-specific, or otherwise poorly represented in public and commercial databases.</span></p><p><span>By combining MS/MS spectra with structures, acquisition metadata, sample history, tags, and internally defined information, NIST26 can become more than a search engine for commercial databases. It can serve as a laboratory-specific knowledge base built around compounds that genuinely matter to the user's work.</span></p><p><span>For specialized LC-MS/MS workflows, that may be one of the most valuable ways to extend the capabilities of spectral library searching.</span></p>

Creating MS/MS User Libraries in NIST26

<p><strong>Wiley announces the expansion of its spectral libraries across IR and Raman, adding empirical and computed reference data spanning forensics, pigments and dyes, mineralogy, materials, polymers, and pharmaceuticals. This release adds over a thousand new empirical reference spectra, plus more than 429,000 new SmartSpectra records, across dozens of updated and new databases. This brings the combined collections to over 1.4 million IR spectra and 230,000 Raman spectra.</strong></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Wiley_Wiley_continues_to_expand_its_IR_Raman_and_Smart_Spectra_spectral_libraries_806b34cdc1.jpg" alt="Wiley: Wiley continues to expand its IR, Raman, and SmartSpectra spectral libraries" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Wiley_Wiley_continues_to_expand_its_IR_Raman_and_Smart_Spectra_spectral_libraries_806b34cdc1.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="838"></p><p>“<i>Scientific discoveries and business decisions depend on trustworthy analytical results,</i>” said <strong>Graeme Whitley</strong>, senior director, data science solutions at Wiley. “<i>The value of a spectral library expansion is not simply that it adds more records. It gives analysts more relevant reference candidates when they encounter unfamiliar materials, whether they are verifying a polymer, investigating a pharmaceutical sample, examining a mineral, or screening a forensic specimen.</i>”</p><h4><strong>Highlights include:</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>Forensics:</strong> A new Raman forensics database adds reference spectra for colorant and dye identification on textiles, drawn from real fiber-evidence research, useful for investigators working on dye and textile analysis.</li><li><strong>Pigments and dyes:</strong> New Raman and IR data significantly broadens pigment and dye coverage, including historic artists' pigments, supporting art conservation and cultural-heritage authentication work.</li><li><strong>Minerals: </strong>New Raman and IR data extends coverage to minerals from different localities and Martian mineral analogs. This release includes new Raman additions from our ongoing collaboration with the American Museum of Natural History, now cross-referenced with DANA Classification Numbers and Mindat IDs, giving mineralogists and gemologists an easier way to identify entries against established references.</li><li><strong>Materials and semiconductors: </strong>New Raman and IR data covers crystal growth relevant to battery materials, rare-earth-doped magnetic crystals, and flexible and 2D semiconductor materials, useful for researchers in battery, magnetic materials, and electronics work.</li><li><strong>Polymers: </strong>New Raman and IR data spans 3D-printed, MOF-integrated microlattices, environmental plastic aging and recycled PET materials, and food packaging plastics. New Raman reference spectra also cover more than two dozen synthetic polymer types for identifying microplastics in environmental samples.</li><li><strong>Clinical and pharma:</strong> New Raman and IR data covers antibiotic classes, including beta-lactams, and the WHO's essential antibiotic list, plus bone mineralization studies in clinical models. A new IR dataset also adds spectra for common over-the-counter medications, including aspirin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol, helping quality control teams confirm formulations faster.</li><li><strong>SmartSpectra: </strong>Our SmartSpectra IR, Raman, and vapor-phase IR collections continue to grow, adding<strong> 243,000+ IR</strong>, <strong>67,000+ Raman</strong>, and <strong>119,000+ vapor-phase IR</strong> computed reference spectra to support broad, high-throughput identification.</li></ul><blockquote><p class="cke-user_style-important"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/spectral-databases/"><strong>Learn more about Wiley Spectral Databases</strong></a></p><p class="cke-user_style-important"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/how-to-update-knowitall-databases/"><strong>Existing subscribers can find guidance on updating their databases here</strong></a></p></blockquote><h4><strong>Wiley Spectral Databases</strong></h4><p>Wiley's spectral databases are consistently evolving to meet today's research demands, covering multiple spectral techniques across a wide range of applications including polymers, materials, environmental, forensics, toxicology, pharmaceutical, biotech, automotive, aerospace, food, cosmetics, and more. Built on rigorous quality protocols, Wiley delivers industry-leading spectral data and intelligent tools to accelerate analysis and deliver deeper insights — making it the authoritative, trusted source that analytical labs worldwide rely on.&nbsp;</p>

Wiley continues to expand its IR, Raman, and SmartSpectra spectral libraries

<p><strong>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)&nbsp;analysis is no longer&nbsp;defined by&nbsp;a fixed list of known compounds.</strong></p><p>As regulatory frameworks evolve and scientific understanding deepens, laboratories are being asked to go beyond routine testing. In addition to quantifying known PFAS, they must also investigate unknown, unexpected, and emerging compounds that fall outside predefined target lists.</p><p>This shift introduces a fundamental analytical challenge.</p><p>Targeted quantitation provides robust and validated concentration data for known PFAS. However, by design, it only answers questions about compounds already included in the method. In contrast, non-targeted analysis,&nbsp;using high-resolution accurate-mass&nbsp;(HRAM)&nbsp;data,&nbsp;enables scientists to explore the broader chemical landscape, revealing&nbsp;additional&nbsp;PFAS&nbsp;that were not included in a targeted quantitation method.</p><p>For PFAS, where thousands of structurally related compounds and transformation products may be present, neither approach&nbsp;alone provides a complete picture.</p><p>The&nbsp;real challenge&nbsp;lies in connecting these workflows. Discovery findings must be translated into actionable results that can be reviewed, followed up, and reported within a controlled analytical framework.</p><p><i>In a previous<strong>&nbsp;</strong></i><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/article/7167"><i><strong>blog post</strong></i></a><i>, we introduced how </i><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/1759"><i><strong>Thermo Scientific Compound Discoverer software </strong></i></a><i>and </i><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/76"><i><strong>Thermo Scientific Chromeleon Chromatography Data System&nbsp;(CDS)</strong>&nbsp;</i></a><i>connect discovery and routine workflows.&nbsp;Here, we explore what that connection looks like in practice using PFAS analysis as an example.</i></p><h3><strong>Why PFAS&nbsp;requires&nbsp;more than one analytical question</strong></h3><p>PFAS&nbsp;represent a&nbsp;large&nbsp;and diverse class of compounds,&nbsp;with&nbsp;some&nbsp;estimates exceeding<strong>&nbsp;40,000 individual substances</strong>. Regulatory methods typically focus on a limited subset, yet environmental and biological samples often&nbsp;contain&nbsp;many more&nbsp;PFAS, including precursors and transformation products.</p><p><strong>This creates two&nbsp;essential and&nbsp;complementary analytical questions:</strong></p><ul><li><h5><i><strong>How much of these known PFAS are present?</strong></i></h5></li><li><h5><i><strong>What other PFAS-related compounds might be present?</strong></i></h5></li></ul><p>A complete workflow needs to support both&nbsp;questions.</p><h3><strong>Starting with targeted quantitation</strong></h3><p>For known PFAS, targeted quantitation&nbsp;remains&nbsp;the&nbsp;backbone of routine analysis.</p><p>Chromeleon CDS provides&nbsp;a&nbsp;controlled environment for&nbsp;data acquisition, processing, calibration, and reporting. In a PFAS workflow,&nbsp;this supports routine quantitation of predefined targets using laboratory-specific method and review criteria.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_PFAS_Analysis_Beyond_the_Target_List_Connecting_Quantitation_and_Discovery_in_a_Single_Workflow_2_7ff8eda8fe.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: PFAS Analysis Beyond the Target List: Connecting Quantitation and Discovery in a Single Workflow: Figure 1. Targeted quantitation of known PFAS in Chromeleon CDS.&nbsp;This example is&nbsp;from the analysis of PFAS using a&nbsp;Thermo Scientific&nbsp;Orbitrap Exploris&nbsp;240. Here&nbsp;we are showing&nbsp;the&nbsp;calibration curve (right) and extracted&nbsp;ion chromatogram&nbsp;(left)&nbsp;of 7:3 FTCA&nbsp;at 6 ng/L.&nbsp;The bottom&nbsp;half&nbsp;shows the processing method that&nbsp;contains&nbsp;many target PFAS and&nbsp;isotopically-labelled&nbsp;internal standards." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_PFAS_Analysis_Beyond_the_Target_List_Connecting_Quantitation_and_Discovery_in_a_Single_Workflow_2_7ff8eda8fe.jpg 208w," sizes="100vw" width="794" height="596"></p><p>This targeted workflow is essential, but it is only part of the story. A sample may contain PFAS-related compounds not included in the original method.</p><h3><strong>Looking beyond known PFAS</strong></h3><p>Once HRAM data have been acquired, the same dataset can be explored beyond the target list using Compound Discoverer software. This enables comprehensive analysis of complex datasets, including:</p><ul><li>Detection and alignment of unknown features</li><li>Statistical comparison across samples and blanks</li><li>Spectral library searching and database annotation</li><li>Evaluation of isotope patterns, fragmentation, and homologous series</li></ul><p>For PFAS, this is particularly valuable. The software can leverage characteristic properties such as negative mass defect, CF₂-based homologous series, and diagnostic fragment ions to prioritize PFAS-related candidates and assign confidence to putative identifications.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_PFAS_Analysis_Beyond_the_Target_List_Connecting_Quantitation_and_Discovery_in_a_Single_Workflow_3_e523e1cdc9.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: PFAS Analysis Beyond the Target List: Connecting Quantitation and Discovery in a Single Workflow: Figure 2. Discovery of additional PFAS-related components in Compound Discoverer software. Here we show an example of using PFAS fragment libraries, one of many PFAS-specific resources available within Compound Discoverer software, to annotate fragments within acquired MS2 spectra of two unknown compounds and then identify them as PFAS that were outside the targeted quantitation method." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_PFAS_Analysis_Beyond_the_Target_List_Connecting_Quantitation_and_Discovery_in_a_Single_Workflow_3_e523e1cdc9.jpg 233w," sizes="100vw" width="1520" height="1016"></p><p>The goal of discovery is not simply to generate more data. It is to reduce complexity and identify the most relevant candidates for further investigation with a defined level of confidence.</p><h3><strong>From discovery to follow-up</strong></h3><p>One of the most important questions in non-targeted analysis is what happens after candidate identification.</p><p>Discovery workflows can identify interesting candidates, but those candidates need to move into a practical follow-up process. Scientists may want to monitor them across additional samples, estimate relative or semi-quantitative abundance, trend their presence over time, or include them in a reviewable report.</p><p>This is where the connection between Compound Discoverer software and Chromeleon CDS becomes especially valuable.</p><p>After PFAS candidates have been prioritized in Compound Discoverer software, selected components can be transferred back into Chromeleon CDS and incorporated into the Chromeleon processing methods for follow-up analysis. This allows scientists to evaluate these compounds within the same controlled environment used for targeted quantitation.</p><p>For PFAS analysis, this may support semi-quantitative follow-up for compounds where authentic standards are not yet available. While fully quantitative results require appropriate standards and validated methods, semi-quantitative workflows can provide useful estimates or relative comparisons to help prioritize further investigation.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_PFAS_Analysis_Beyond_the_Target_List_Connecting_Quantitation_and_Discovery_in_a_Single_Workflow_4_8ee8ebc2df.jpg" alt="Thermo Fisher Scientific: PFAS Analysis Beyond the Target List: Connecting Quantitation and Discovery in a Single Workflow: Figure 3. Prioritized PFAS candidates brought back into Chromeleon CDS for follow-up. Prioritized PFAS candidates from Compound Discoverer software can be brought back into Chromeleon CDS for follow-up review, semi-quantitative evaluation, and controlled reporting." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Fisher_Scientific_PFAS_Analysis_Beyond_the_Target_List_Connecting_Quantitation_and_Discovery_in_a_Single_Workflow_4_8ee8ebc2df.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1512" height="751"></p><p>This is the key workflow advantage: discovery does not stop at identification. It can feed directly into a practical analytical process.</p><h3><strong>Why this matters</strong></h3><p>PFAS analysis increasingly requires laboratories to balance routine testing with exploratory investigation.</p><p>A connected workflow between Chromeleon CDS and Compound Discoverer software supports this by:</p><ul><li>Combining targeted quantitation and non-targeted discovery to characterize samples more completely</li><li>Reducing manual data transfer and workflow fragmentation</li><li>Enabling discovery results to be reviewed and reported within a controlled CDS environment</li><li>Supporting investigation of emerging PFAS investigations without immediate method redevelopment</li><li>Bridging research-driven insights with routine analytical workflows</li></ul><p>This reflects a broader shift in analytical science, where the value lies not only in generating data, but in connecting workflows and turning data into actionable information.</p><h3><strong>Moving PFAS analysis forward</strong></h3><p>PFAS analysis is evolving from a fixed target list toward a more comprehensive understanding of complex chemical mixtures.</p><p>Laboratories must quantify known compounds while remaining prepared to identify and evaluate what lies beyond them.</p><p>By connecting <strong>Compound Discoverer software </strong>with<strong> Chromeleon CDS</strong>, laboratories can move seamlessly from targeted quantitation to discovery and into structured follow-up. The result is a more complete view of PFAS contamination and a more efficient path from data to insight.</p><h3><strong>Learn more</strong></h3><p>Explore how <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/1759"><strong>Compound Discoverer software</strong></a> and<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://labrulez.com/en-us/all/products/76"><strong> Chromeleon CDS </strong></a>can help connect targeted quantitation and non-targeted discovery workflows for <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/content/lifetech/global/en/home/industrial/environmental/environmental-contaminant-analysis/emerging-contaminants/pfas-testing.html"><strong>PFAS analysis</strong></a>.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Visit us on&nbsp;</strong><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/72003132/admin/dashboard/"><strong><u>LinkedIn:</u></strong></a><strong>&nbsp;</strong>#PFAS #Chromeleon #CompoundDiscoverer #Environmental</p></blockquote>

PFAS Analysis Beyond the Target List: Connecting Quantitation and Discovery in a Single Workflow

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Combined with industry-leading AQbD method development software, your lab can achieve unprecedented MS peak tracking functionality with the ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector.</p><h4><strong>STRIVE FOR MORE SUSTAINABILITY</strong></h4><p>Achieve up to a 70% reduction in energy consumption and heat output compared to other vendor’s MS systems. The ACT Environmental Impact Factor Label<strong>*</strong> -- available and published by My Green Lab – provides clear, third-party verified information about the environmental impact of laboratory products, enabling you to make the most sustainable decisions for your organization.</p><p><strong>* </strong>ACT - About (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mygreenlab.org/">mygreenlab.org</a>)</p><h3><strong>Continuing to Separate Beyond Question</strong></h3><ul><li><strong>Ensure your laboratory is prepared for the future</strong></li></ul><h4><strong>MORE PERFORMANCE</strong></h4><p>Plug and play performance with its intuitive design, complementary to optical detection with the robustness to handle all of your analyses. Working in harmony with your chromatography, it’s pre-optimized to work with your samples, without the sample-specific or user adjustments typical of traditional mass spectrometers.</p><h4><strong>MORE EFFICIENCY</strong></h4><p>The intuitive design of the ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector provides additional data without cost or complexity. The most information you can get out of your separation for complete characterization. In synergy with optical detection, you can significantly reduce the chance that a sample component will go undetected helping to mitigate risk and ensuring a sound return on your investment.</p><h4><strong>MORE SUSTAINABILITY</strong></h4><p>Purposeful innovation, a stackable mass detector that seamlessly integrates into existing workflows resulting in less bench space and more energy efficient. Minimal cleaning and routine maintenance ensuring maximum uptime. Compatible with green solvents ensuring reduced environmental impact.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_3_f98f84c080.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_3_f98f84c080.jpg 234w," sizes="100vw" width="1024" height="682"></p><ul><li>Simply power on, and you’re ready to go</li><li>Zero user set-up optimization, calibration, or adjustment</li><li>Run your analyses − it just works</li><li>When you’re done, just power-off</li></ul><h3><strong>The Perfect Partner</strong></h3><h4><strong>Designed for compatibility with your chromatography&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Meet all your chromatography requirements with Waters chromatography systems, including our dependability and flexibility ranges of HPLC systems, performance range of UPLC systems, and our purification and specialty systems.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_The_Perfect_Partner_Designed_for_compatibility_with_your_chromatography_1042adecb0.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector: The Perfect Partner. Designed for compatibility with your chromatography." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_The_Perfect_Partner_Designed_for_compatibility_with_your_chromatography_1042adecb0.jpg 189w," sizes="100vw" width="1299" height="1074"></p><h3><strong>Effortless Integration</strong></h3><h4><strong>Achieve more with flexible software solutions</strong></h4><p>Process, Interpret, visualize, and compare the most complex data, and turn it into meaningful information quickly and simply. With integrated optical and mass detector data processing workflows, you can also analyze mass spectral data in the same way as you do photo diode array (PDA) data.</p><p>The ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector is fully compatible with Masslynx™ Software and its suite of data processing application managers. Empower™ Software, our industry-leading chromatography data software platform is also fully compatible providing the ultimate flexibility.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Effortless_Integration_Achieve_more_with_flexible_software_solutions_4fd6e9f0d8.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector: Effortless Integration. Achieve more with flexible software solutions." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Effortless_Integration_Achieve_more_with_flexible_software_solutions_4fd6e9f0d8.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1397" height="422"></p><h4><strong>EMPOWER CHROMATOGRAPHY DATA SYSTEM (CDS)</strong></h4><p>Simplifying the way you collect, manage, and report chromatography test results is critical to your lab efficiency. With a suite of flexible functionalities that grows to meet your changing quality, business, and laboratory needs, Empower CDS has been purposefully designed to help you address your most demanding chromatographic, regulatory, and networking challenges.</p><h4><strong>EMPOWER LAB MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS)</strong></h4><p>Automating your lab workflow, from sample creation to data archival, is critical for maintaining data integrity and enhancing productivity. Manage your data all from a single, simple dashboard for an integrated approach to your product lifecycle management so you can reduce transcription errors, increase efficiency, and maximize data durability.</p><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1544"><strong>waters_connect™</strong></a><strong> SYSTEM MONITORING</strong></h4><p>Monitor all Empower Software-controlled chromatography systems remotely, at any time, from anywhere. Dynamically plan laboratory activities, monitor the status of your laboratory and maximize productivity. Troubleshoot and respond to errors faster, increasing system uptime.</p><h3><strong>Identify More in Released Glycan Analysis</strong></h3><h4><strong>Unlock the full potential of your QC glycan testing</strong></h4><p>While non-MS methods offer routine QC capabilities, they fall short in delivering the detailed characterization, crucial for biopharmaceutical development. The ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector with extended mass range revolutionizes routine analysis, offering accurate QC monitoring of N-glycan species with speed and precision. Coupled with Waters chromatography systems, enjoy enhanced MS response with uniform charge state for accurate quantitation, enabling scrutiny of released N-glycan profiles in under 40 minutes per sample. Complement fluorescence (FLR) detection and embrace reproducible, quantitative separation for rapid decision-making.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Selected_Ion_Recording_SIR_chromatogram_of_doubly_charged_components_of_a_glycan_sample_Highlighted_additional_components_identified_s_a_result_of_the_extended_mass_range_ac0160e74d.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector: Selected Ion Recording (SIR) chromatogram of doubly charged components of a glycan sample. Highlighted additional components identified s a result of the extended mass range." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Selected_Ion_Recording_SIR_chromatogram_of_doubly_charged_components_of_a_glycan_sample_Highlighted_additional_components_identified_s_a_result_of_the_extended_mass_range_ac0160e74d.jpg 238w," sizes="100vw" width="1347" height="883"></p><h3><strong>Unparalleled Robustness for More Qualitative and Quantitative Performance</strong></h3><h4><strong>Reduce the risk of genotoxic impurities formation in drug manufacturing</strong></h4><p data-start="0" data-end="296">Support risk assessment through routine monitoring of excipients and raw materials in drug manufacturing. Accessible, regulatory compliant-ready LC-MS solutions provide an efficient and cost-effective approach in mitigating the risk of impurity formation during the manufacture of drug product.</p><p data-start="298" data-end="768">Nitrite, a critical risk factor in N-Nitrosamine formation, presents as an impurity in pharmaceutical excipients, often in parts per million (ppm). The ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector is a robust and reliable solution for routine analysis of nitrite in excipients. With automated resolution, tuning, and calibration during start-up, the ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector eliminates the need for analyst intervention, ensuring seamless operation and precise results every time.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Over_29_days_of_rigorous_testing_it_flawlessly_executed_approximately_6000_injections_with_minimal_downtime_02a496f422.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector: Over 29 days of rigorous testing, it flawlessly executed approximately 6000 injections with minimal downtime." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Over_29_days_of_rigorous_testing_it_flawlessly_executed_approximately_6000_injections_with_minimal_downtime_02a496f422.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1185" height="529"></p><p data-start="770" data-end="1012" data-is-last-node="" data-is-only-node="">Empower CDS reporting functionality offers simple reviewing of excipient nitrite concentration within a sample batch. This allows for fast and comprehensive decision making, while ensuring compliance and data integrity within your laboratory.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Example_of_Empower_CDS_generated_data_report_for_nitrite_content_in_a_maize_starch_sample_2f106193ee.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector: Example of Empower CDS generated data report for nitrite content in a maize starch sample." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Example_of_Empower_CDS_generated_data_report_for_nitrite_content_in_a_maize_starch_sample_2f106193ee.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="937" height="585"></p><h3><strong data-start="0" data-end="62">Improving Efficiency with a More Sustainable Mass Detector</strong></h3><h4><strong>Low operational costs and environmental footprint</strong></h4><p data-start="123" data-end="346"><strong>As a leading technology innovator in chromatography, mass spectrometry, and thermal analysis instruments and software, Waters shares a common mission with our customers: to leave the world a better place than we found it.</strong></p><p data-start="348" data-end="674" data-is-last-node="" data-is-only-node="">Many of our customers are actively working to address environmental sustainability in balance with the need to continually reduce operational costs. Waters has addressed these challenges by providing an instrument with low electricity consumption and BTU/hr output – lessening the need for air conditioning and lowering costs.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Improving_Efficiency_with_a_More_Sustainable_Mass_Detector_Low_operational_costs_and_environmental_footprint_a9e182ea1f.jpg" alt="Waters ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector: Improving Efficiency with a More Sustainable Mass Detector. Low operational costs and environmental footprint." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_ACQUITY_Q_Da_II_Mass_Detector_Improving_Efficiency_with_a_More_Sustainable_Mass_Detector_Low_operational_costs_and_environmental_footprint_a9e182ea1f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1124" height="389"></p><p><strong>*</strong>From competitor A Specification Sheet.</p><p><strong>**</strong>From competitor B Site Preparation Checklist</p><h3><strong>Unrivaled Support</strong></h3><h3><strong>Ensure your success with world-renowned services</strong></h3><p data-start="77" data-end="464" data-is-last-node="" data-is-only-node="">Waters Service and Support helps maintain peak system performance, minimize downtime, address scientific challenges, and meet compliance requirements.&nbsp;</p><p>Waters award-winning consistent quality support, professional services, and education ensure your success wherever your laboratory is located in the world. With Waters service and support offerings<strong>*</strong> for your ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector, you can</p><h4><strong data-start="0" data-end="30">GET UP AND RUNNING QUICKLY</strong></h4><p data-start="0" data-end="235">Get the onsite training and consultation you need to integrate the ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector into your laboratory and assist with data migration and method transfer needs with Waters Professional Services.</p><h4><strong data-start="237" data-end="276">MEET YOUR LAB’S UNIQUE REQUIREMENTS</strong></h4><p data-start="237" data-end="460">Protect your instrument investment with the comprehensive portfolio of service plans from Waters FlexCHOICE™, which provides access to the most in-depth and up-to-date knowledge of the advanced science and technologies within Waters systems.</p><h4><strong data-start="462" data-end="487">FACILITATE COMPLIANCE</strong></h4><p data-start="462" data-end="635">Simplify the process of qualification, and record-keeping so that your business can focus on delivering products to market with Waters Compliance Services – so you can meet the regulations in your industry and in the countries where you conduct business.</p><h4><strong data-start="637" data-end="671">REDUCE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP</strong></h4><p data-start="637" data-end="864">FlexCAPITAL™ <strong>**</strong> is designed to support continuous laboratory operation while satisfying the budgeting challenges of a constantly shifting landscape. Minimize total cost of ownership while optimizing instrument performance and protecting your organization from security risks associated with outdated software platforms.</p><h4><strong data-start="866" data-end="903">LEVERAGE YOUR EXISTING TECHNOLOGY</strong></h4><p data-start="866" data-end="1104" data-is-last-node="" data-is-only-node="">With the FlexUP™ Technology renewal program, you can upgrade your older single quadrupole mass spectrometry system to the ACQUITY QDa II Mass Detector -- improving performance, results, and productivity while controlling costs and mitigating compliance risk.</p><p><strong>*</strong> Availability of offerings varies by country. Contact Waters or your local Waters representative for details<br><strong>**</strong> FlexCAPITAL payment plan options and availability may vary by country. Other restrictions may apply.</p>

Waters RADIAN ASAP Direct Mass Detector

Combining flexibility, ease of operation, and speed without the need for complex sample preparation, separation or extensive MS experience, the RADIAN ASAP helps you and your laboratory achieve more.

<div><div id="title-a9e634f6cb" data-locator="title-with-text"><h3><strong>The power of knowing now</strong></h3></div></div><div><div id="text-c687cac6aa" data-locator="text"><p><strong>Whether you are looking to improve your drug discovery cycle, expand your client services, or simply become more competitive in your turnaround times, integrating direct mass spectrometry (MS) analysis can drive multiple system-wide efficiencies helping to achieve your operational goals.</strong></p><p>Combining flexibility, ease of operation, and speed without the need for complex sample preparation, separation or extensive MS experience, the RADIAN ASAP helps you and your laboratory achieve more.</p><ul><li>Simple operation and data interpretation</li><li>Minimal sample preparation</li><li>No separation required</li><li>Real-time results and classification</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:454/321;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_RADIAN_ASAP_7cfe24b23d/Waters-RADIAN-ASAP_s.webp" alt="Waters RADIAN ASAP Direct Mass Detector" width="454" height="321"></figure><h3><strong>Overview</strong></h3><div data-locator="section-container-body"><div><div><div data-locator="layoutcontainer-"><div><div id="text-6b896f6da4" data-locator="text"><ul><li>Ensure users get up and running quickly with RADIAN ASAP’s easy to learn and fully automated set up, streamlined workflow, and minimal training requirements</li><li>Minimize sample prep with direct sampling onto glass probe</li><li>Minimize the need for solvent use and disposal with no chromatography</li><li>Save time with 30 second analysis and real-time sample classification</li></ul></div></div><div><div id="text-161a2a5c01" data-locator="text"><h4><strong>Recommended Use</strong></h4><p>For rapid, easy, and low-cost analysis of liquids and solids.</p><div><div id="text-4973311325" data-locator="text"><h3 data-locator="modal-title"><strong>Compact without compromise</strong></h3><p>The RADIAN ASAP is a novel, dedicated direct analysis system specifically designed for rapid, easy and low-cost analysis of liquids and solids. Engineered using proven and robust single quadrupole mass spectrometry technology combined with the Atmospheric Pressure Solids Analysis Probe (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.waters.com/nextgen/us/en/services/instrument-services/instrument-upgrades/mass-spectrometry-ms-upgrades/atmospheric-solids-analysis-probe.html" data-di-id="di-id-70d78c77-7e033f9d">ASAP</a>), the RADIAN ASAP delivers quality and ease of use in a compact footprint.&nbsp;</p><p>This single quadrupole mass detector provides high quality mass spectral data, without the need for any special training or expertise, eliminating any need to contract out and wait for results from specialist analytical service laboratories.</p></div></div><div><div id="text-08366f2c0d" data-locator="text"><h3 data-locator="modal-title"><strong>Flexible workflow solutions in 4 simple steps</strong></h3><p>Operation of the RADIAN ASAP is simple and intuitive, allowing users to generate results with minimal or no sample preparation, making it an ideal tool for laboratories to make informed decisions. Capable of ionizing molecules directly from a liquid or solid makes the system available to a wide range of applications and workflows.</p><h4><strong>Generate results in 4 simple steps:</strong></h4><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_RADIAN_ASAP_analyza_ve_4_jednoduchych_krocich_a997bfddda/Waters-RADIAN-ASAP-analyza-ve-4-jednoduchych-krocich.jpg" alt="Waters RADIAN ASAP Direct Mass Detector: Flexible workflow solutions in 4 simple steps" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Waters_RADIAN_ASAP_analyza_ve_4_jednoduchych_krocich_a997bfddda/thumbnail_Waters-RADIAN-ASAP-analyza-ve-4-jednoduchych-krocich.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1683" height="490"></p><h3><strong>Ideal for numerous application requirements</strong></h3><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.waters.com/waters/nav.htm?cid=135078611" data-di-id="di-id-7f758d90-ccee23de"><strong>Rapid triage of seized drug materials for Forensics</strong></a><i>&nbsp;<strong>—</strong>&nbsp;</i>RADIAN ASAP and LiveID ensure crime labs can quickly screen samples against a library of known compounds for rapid, confident identification of illicit drugs. The sensitivity and selectivity of mass spectrometry provides confidence in detecting drugs with an easy, efficient triage workflow.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.waters.com/waters/nav.htm?cid=134528742" data-di-id="di-id-3a3c46e4-ccee23de"><strong>Assess food integrity for Food &amp; Environmental</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>—</strong> The threat posed by food fraud has created additional demands on both the food industry and regulators to protect food consumers and maintain brand reputation. RADIAN ASAP and LiveID offer a powerful combination of mass spectrometry and chemometric modeling, allowing users to easily and efficiently screen samples and make quicker decisions.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.tainstruments.com/radian-asap-direct-mass-detector/" data-di-id="di-id-2fac456-44144a9d"><strong>Fast chemical analysis for improved formulation testing in Chemical and Materials</strong></a><i>&nbsp;<strong>—</strong>&nbsp;</i>RADIAN ASAP and IonLynx supports quality control (QC) and development labs in the chemical industry to reduce costs and increase efficiencies. Streamline workflows like fast chemical analysis for improved formulation testing or&nbsp;material release testing. Features including thermal gradient analysis are ideal for the complex samples in the chemical industry.</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.waters.com/waters/nav.htm?cid=134751395" data-di-id="di-id-76921eaa-ccee23de"><strong>Discovery reaction monitoring&nbsp;for Pharma</strong></a>&nbsp;<strong>—</strong> The demand to accelerate the drug discovery and development process has never been higher.&nbsp;RADIAN ASAP provides synthetic chemists easy access to mass spectral data for near-instantaneous assessment of reaction progress and identification of purification fractions, increasing lab efficiency.</p><div><div><div><div id="text-8b0fa56c8c" data-locator="text"><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.waters.com/waters/nav.htm?cid=134971387" data-di-id="di-id-10e51f17-ccee23de"><strong>Undergraduate teaching&nbsp;and method development&nbsp;in Academia</strong></a><strong> —&nbsp;</strong>Simplicity and ease of use makes RADIAN ASAP the ideal tool for busy academic laboratories that need a robust and reliable solution.</p><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:474/308;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Waters_RADIAN_ASAP_2_87ddc46f15/Waters-RADIAN-ASAP-2_s.webp" alt="Waters RADIAN ASAP Direct Mass Detector" width="474" height="308"></figure><div><div id="text-a5e5e26910" data-locator="text"><h3 data-locator="modal-title"><strong>Software solutions for your data requirements</strong></h3><p><strong>RADIAN ASAP</strong> is compatible with software solutions for rapid interpretation and classification as well as automated data processing and reporting.</p><p>For customers investigating the authenticity, adulteration, and quality of food or raw materials, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=5&amp;search=liveid"><strong>LiveID</strong></a> uses statistical models to classify samples. First, authentic or verified samples are used to create and validate a statistical model. The validated model can then be used with test samples and generate live classifications with a simple yes/no answer output. LiveID can also do real time <strong>library</strong> matching workflows, where the software matches all compounds in the library against each sample analyzed, giving a score out of <strong>1000</strong>, where values close to 1000 indicate the compound of interest is likely in the sample and lower scores indicate unlikely presence in the sample.</p><p><strong>OpenLynx</strong> processing provides user customizable processing capabilities to generate automated mass confirmation reports in either pdf, printed or browser format.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>IonLynx</strong> allows users to determine levels and relative ratios of analytes of interest in complex samples to aid decision making in QC and formulation monitoring. IonLynx provides automated processing and reporting of non-chromatographic data sets, such as those generated by RADIAN ASAP.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Products from category Single quadrupoles - page 1

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