Advances in Mass Spectrometry
Instrument Intelligence
Overview
There is a global trend towards more self‑aware,
intelligent tools meant to make life easier. The
field of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
is no different with the move to automate
difficult and challenging tasks, making mass
spectrometry more accessible. These advances
increase instrument uptime, streamline workflows,
save time with immediate validated results and
ultimately reduce cost‑of‑ownership.
In this poster collection, you will take a deep
dive into the next evolution of our LC/MS
instrument portfolio. The new 6475 triple
quadrupole LC/MS includes easy‑to‑use, yet
sophisticated onboard intelligence for routine
analysis. We will demonstrate how the new
intelligence features can improve analytical
performance and lab productivity, providing you
with peace of mind for day‑to‑day operation.
Table of Contents
Develop Methods Faster
Using Our Intelligent Optimizer
An end‑to‑end software algorithm for
LC/MS/MS method development,
optimization and QA/QC deployment
Ensure Confidence in Results
While Processing Samples
with Incredible Speed
Active & iterative data‑dependent reinjection
logic for maintaining throughput, uptime,
and consistency in triple quadrupole
LC/MS analysis
Maximize Uptime While
Anticipating Downtime
Accelerated lifetime testing with real‑
time Early Maintenance Feedback (EMF)
diagnostic monitoring on the 6475 triple
quadrupole LC/MS system
An end-to-end software algorithm
for LC/MS/MS method development,
optimization, and QA/QC deployment
Authors: Anding Fan, Vicky He, James Pyke, Erik Lopez,
Stephanie Aurand, Linfeng Wu, Patrick M. Batoon
Introduction
The act of developing targeted triple quadrupole
LC/MS (LC/TQ) methods from start to finish is a complex
and time-consuming, multi-step workflow. Method
development becomes even more challenging if former
mass spectrometry parameters for each analyte were not
established – especially in the case of novel compounds.
In such cases, “by-hand” optimization and characterization
is needed to obtain the most effective MRM parameters.
Using the new 6475 triple quadrupole LC/MS system
with MassHunter 12, intelligent workflows were added
to ensure that users, particularly in routine analysis QA/
QC lab environments, can maximize their operational
efficiency. One aspect of LC/MS/MS analysis that may
benefit from efficiency improvements is with the assisting
and automation of method optimization. MassHunter
12 features an embedded 21CFR compliant, method-
oriented, intelligent optimizer; allowing users to optimize
MRMs and ion source parameters in a fully-automated or
semi-automated fashion.
Using a modular end-to-end workflow approach, users
may input chemical formula information which will result
in (1) optimized MRM transitions for each compound and
(2) optimal ion source parameters for the overall method.
A unique feature of this algorithm is the ability to take
advantage of the LC/TQ’s speed to allow the simultaneous
optimization of multiple compounds on a per-method
basis, such that pre-production method development
time is dramatically reduced compared to compound-by-
compound approaches.
Develop Methods Faster
Using Our Intelligent Optimizer
3
x105
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4.6
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1.0
Counts vs. Acquisition Time (min)
8-Bromoguanosine
4-Chlorocinnamic acid
Amitriptyline
Diethyl phthalate
Dihexyl
phthalate
Diamyl phthalate
Dioctyl phthalate
Experimental
Chemical formulas of the neutral analytes found in the
LCMS 7-Analyte Sys Suitability Standard (amitriptyline
hydrochloride, diethyl phthalate, diamyl phthalate, dihexyl
phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, 8-bromoguanosine hydrate,
and 4-chlorocinnamic acid) were entered into the method
development interface to automatically calculate the
potential [M+H]+ or [M-H]- precursor ions.
The optimization workflow was done unattended in
two major phases. First, MRM optimization: precursor
fragmentor voltage, RT determination (optional) Product
Ion selection, and MRM collision energy voltage. Then, ion
source optimization: drying gas heater, sheath gas heater,
capillary voltage, nebulizer pressure, drying gas flow,
sheath gas flow and nozzle voltage.
Figure 1: Fully optimized 7‑analyte standard mixture chromatogram
created from scratch.
MassHunter 12’s Intelligent Optimizer enables
comprehensive method development and
parameter validation
4
Append compounds to
single time segment MRM, dMRM,
or SIM method
Select optimization parameters for
compound and/or ion source
Open “Add compounds for
optimization” window
Execute
workflow
Select guided or
automated workflow
Create new or load existing “.m”
acquisition method
Save optimized compounds
to Compound Database
View results
Upon opening a new or existing method in MassHunter 12,
“Add compounds for optimization” be selected to add additional
compounds of interest and their target adducts
The user is presented
with two choices to
execute optimization
with detailed
descriptions
Specific compound
parameters can be
selected for optimization
with a defined range and
step size
Results are presented in an exploratory
UI and PDF report to show effects of
parameter adjustments. Ion source
parameters can have “weights” applied
to emphasize more critical analytes
Results and Discussion
The End‑to‑End Optimization Workflow
The new intelligent optimization software algorithm, provides a complete, user-friendly,
workflow approach to the tedious task of method development. Through this approach, a user
may create a new method by inputting neutral analyte formulas, importing an existing MRM list
from CSV, adding uncharacterized analytes to an existing method, or fine-tuning existing MRM
or source parameters.
Compound and source parameters to be optimized are selected via the “Optimization parameters”
page in the Method Editor with customizable user-input ranges and step sizes. An example of the
optimization workflow is described in the diagram below.
Figure 2: Screenshots of the method optimizer user interface from setup to results.
5
Results and Discussion
Guided Optimization Workflow
Through this workflow, optimization is carried out in two
major steps.
1. MRM specific parameters are optimized to find the
ideal product ions, fragmentor voltage, and collision
energy voltage and retention time assignment (applied
to injection with column) per analyte. The workflow
will then pause to allow reviewing of data quality as it
pertains to each compound.
2. Once ready, ion source parameters are optimized
on a “global” basis to maximize the total ion current
(unweighted - TIC based optimization) or with
applied weights to priority analytes (weighted - EIC
based optimization).
The method will be updated throughout the optimization
process in stepwise fashion to create the final method.
The user can save their transitions to the compound
database to later apply to other methods.
Conclusions
The new 6475 triple quadrupole LC/MS system with MassHunter 12 includes an intelligent MRM
and source optimizer that is built into the method editor. The final result is a dMRM method with
fully optimized parameters, MRM transitions, and retention time assignments.
The intelligent optimizer can be used to (1) Create a new method from scratch, (2) Add new
compounds to an existing method, (3) Fine tune or verify parameters of an existing method.
Optimization results can be reviewed by the user after workflow completed. Any changes to the
method are saved in an auditable fashion in accordance with to 21 CFR Part 11 compliance.
Automated Optimization Workflow
Through this workflow, optimization is carried out
without pause, allowing the user optimize multiple
methods in sequence.
Like Guided optimization, this workflow will also provide
the user with a method that will include the best MRM
transitions, collision energies, and voltages based on
the parameters selected for optimization. It will also
provide the user with fine-tuned source settings created
specifically for that method. It can, however, run multiple-
methods instead of a single one.
During this process, everything is completely automated
and will transition from MRM to ion source optimization
immediately. The user will not have the ability to view and
update results or change the instrument settings.
Figure 3: Finalized results are printed in an optimization report, stored as method revisions, and saved in a compound repositor.
Optimization reports are produced at the end of the
workflow with the CE breakdown curves, Fragmentor
response curve, and source parameter response curves.
Optimized compounds can be immediately
added into the compound MRM repository,
allowing users to build future methods
quickly and efficiently.
6
Active & iterative data-dependent reinjection
logic for maintaining throughput, uptime, and
consistency in triple quadrupole LC/MS analysis
Authors: Disha Shah, Emma E. Rennie, Lauren Seymour, Madhusudan Sharma,
James S. Pyke, and Patrick Batoon
Introduction
Triple quadrupole LC/MS measurements are often
associated with targeted, quantitative, large batch sample
analysis with an emphasis on non-stop continuous
operation. Such use cases are in the continuous
processing of QA/QC samples for contaminants in
pharmaceuticals, pesticides and veterinary drug detection
in foods, or measurements of biological analytes from a
sizeable population. Regardless of application, consistent
results, high sample throughput, and avoidance of sample
reprocessing is highly desired.
To aid in the acquisition of high-quality data and high
throughput measurement, the 6475 triple quadrupole
LC/MS system with MassHunter 12 includes an intelligent
worklist reinjection logic feature called Intelligent Reflex.
Herein, we present a technique utilizing an active and
immediate data processing algorithm that evaluates and
reinjects samples in a data-dependent manner based on
the following Intelligent Reflex scenarios:
1. Detection of previous sample carryover
2. Detection of a sample outside of the calibration range
3. Fast analyte screening
Ensure Confidence in Results
While Processing Samples
with Incredible Speed
7
Experimental
Measurements were carried out using a 6475 triple
quadrupole LC/MS system (G6475A) and MassHunter
12 software system which is coupled to an Infinity II
1290 HPLC system.
MassHunter 12 features new Intelligent Reflex workflows
which enables a user to automatically add samples or
blanks in a data-dependent manner. Ions were acquired
in MRM mode to ensure that the signal was monitored as
the analyte elutes. A worklist containing Blanks, Samples,
and Calibration standards was created to stress test
and demonstrate the data-dependent logic for all three
Intelligent Reflex workflows.
A specific Quantitative analysis method is created for
each workflow and analyte concentration thresholds
are set to trigger secondary injection. Intelligent Reflex
reinjection commands are defined as logical conditions
in the Outliers section of the data analysis method and
are based on the current abundance or concentration
measurements for the sample or blank.
The unified Acquisition and DA analysis (Intelligent
Reflex parameters) method is created which is used to
create worklists to demonstrate the workflow logic. If the
logical commands are activated, a new injection in the
worklist is appended or inserted to iterate on until a pass
condition is met.
Figure 1: Intelligent Reflex Workflow logic.
Blank injection
Test for
carryover
Blank injection
Next sample
Test for
carryover
Acquisition
Above cal.
range
Acquisition
Next sample
Above cal.
range
Fast LC method
target detected
?
Acquisition
Next sample
Standard LC
method
confirmation
O
N
N
N
N
O
Previous Sample Carryover?
Sample Above Cal. Range?
Fast Screening
8
Results and Discussion
Intelligent Reflex Workflows
MassHunter 12 Intelligent Reflex workflows evaluate and
reinject blanks and samples in a data-dependent manner
within a running worklist. The Intelligent Reflex Workflows:
– Enhance throughput for large batch sample analysis
through automation.
– Boost lab productivity by reducing manual intervention
and sample reprocessing.
– Save valuable sample material by automatically
preventing carryover from contaminating a
batch analysis.
– Automatically generate a combined report.
The Carryover Intelligent Reflex Workflows
Sample Carryover or contamination is a very common
problem which could be due to insufficient washout,
contaminated wash vial, or overloading sample on
column. Detection of carryover in a blank above the
outlier threshold, will trigger the workflow to insert up
to n blanks. An additional option to pause the worklist
if the maximum user defined n limit is met prevents
contamination of samples.
The Above Calibration Range Intelligent
Reflex Workflow
Ensuring a target analyte concentration is within the
calibration curve range is critical when quantifying
analytical analytes. If an analyte is above the upper limit
of quantitation (ULOQ), it is necessary to either dilute
the sample or reduce the injection volume to bring the
concentration within quantitation limits.
Detection of an analyte in a sample above the calibration
range will trigger an insert/append re-injection with
reduced volume to provide an estimated concentration.
Figure 3 shows a worklist where an analyte has been
detected as being above the calibration range set in the
data analysis method. An additional blank is automatically
appended before sample reinjection to ensure there is no
carryover. The reduced injection volume is displayed in the
worklist for each reinjected sample.
Figure 3: Appending a reinjection with lower injection volume due to original measurement reporting above ULOQ.
Figure 2: Insertion of blanks when carryover is detected during ongoing analysis.
Previous sample carry
over was detected after
each predefined blanks
Additional blank
injections inserted
Reinjected with reduced
sample volume
9
Results and Discussion
The Fast Screening Intelligent Reflex Workflow
Fast screening methods are commonly used to increase
sample throughput. These methods are short, on the
order of seconds to minutes, and identify presumptive
positive samples which are then manually scheduled
for reinjection and analyzed using a longer confirmation
method. Automating the reinjection and analysis of a
presumptive positive is critical to increasing throughput
allowing labs to analyze more samples for more targets.
Upon detection of a presumptive positive in a fast
screening method, this workflow will either insert or
append a reinjection with a different analysis method
for target confirmation. The insert action is used for
confirmation methods with the same LC method, while the
append action is used when a different LC method and/or
column will be used for confirmation. If the insert action
has been chosen, then a blank with be automatically
inserted before and after the sample.
Conclusions
The 6475 triple quadrupole LC/MS system with
MassHunter 12 features an intelligent workflow called
Intelligent Reflex.
Intelligent Reflex is an intelligent automated worklist
reinjection logic tool to maximize analytical throughput or
ensuring samples are within tolerance.
The three Intelligent Reflex workflows shown can operate
concurrently in one worklist to ensure samples are
measured within SOP guidelines.
The fast screening Intelligent Reflex workflow produces
two different data batches; the 1st tier consists of the
original worklist with the fast screening method. The
2nd tier batch consists of reinjected samples which are
acquired and analyzed with a different, usually longer and
comprehensive, confirmation method. Additional options
are available to tailor these workflows to each unique
analysis and lab SOP:
– Automatically produce a combined report created from
the 1st and 2nd tier batch analyses.
– Append a blank before every appended 2nd tier sample
or only before the first 2nd tier sample.
– Append a QC after n number of reinjections are
appended to the worklist.
– Pause the worklist after the 1st tier analysis has
completed for manual verification.
Figure 4: The worklist automatically inserts a confirmation method after detection of a presumptive positive.
Presumptive positive
confirmation method
The new Agilent 6475 triple quadrupole LC/MS system
10
Accelerated lifetime testing with real-time Early
Maintenance Feedback (EMF) diagnostic monitoring
on the 6475 triple quadrupole LC/MS system
Authors: Michael B. Pastor, Ryan Rademacher, Patrick M. Batoon
Introduction
Triple quadrupole LC/MS systems have become widely
accepted as a platform for targeted, large-batch, sample
analysis on a day-to-day basis. A primary concern for
routine/targeted analysis is instrument stability; which
can vary over time due to the soiling of crucial ion optics
components. While incorporating an internal standard
and measuring abundance ratio may help alleviate signal
drift from a data-analysis standpoint, it does not give key
indications to the quality of the instrument’s health.
To help alleviate concerns on instrument health and
longevity, the new Agilent 6475 triple quadrupole
LC/MS system was designed with onboard intelligence
that actively reports on the instrument health and status
through Early Maintenance Feedback (EMF).
EMF reports various aspects pertaining to instrument
maintenance such as “last tuned”, number of samples
injected, number of diverter valve switches, last rough
pump oil change, last gas filter change, and real time
reports on detector health, nebulizer blockage, ion injector
blockage, and spray stability status.
Here we present a use case to trigger Early Maintenance
Feedback (EMF) events to simulate heavy instrument
use through 10,000 sample injections of spiked bovine
urine. The sample matrix was specifically chosen due
the challenging endogenous components that may
cause measurement issues (salts, metabolites, fats,
proteins, etc.).
As this is not a true analytical method, the intention of
this poster is primarily to stress the Early Maintenance
Feedback mechanisms, test the instrument’s response to
heavy matrix accumulation, stability of tune parameters,
and recovery of instrument tuning if out of spec.
Maximize Uptime While
Anticipating Downtime
11
Experimental
Bovine urine diluted 1:1 in acetonitrile/water and were
delivered to the system using an Infinity II 1290 HPLC
with dual injector setup in overlapped injection mode
with isocratic flow of 90:10 acetonitrile/water + 0.1%
Formic acid.
To generate sufficient backpressure for stable HPLC
operation and to simulate the use of an analytical HPLC
column, a ZORBAX Extend-C18, 80Å, 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm,
1200 bar pressure limit, UHPLC guard column was used
(821725-107), as shown in Figure 1.
MRM signals of various analytes were recorded to ensure
that ions were reaching the detector. This current served
to “age” the Electron Multiplier horn as if it were in
standard/normal operation.
Early Maintenance Feedback (EMF) provided real time
monitoring of the instrument health. EMF intelligence
is incorporated in the systems firmware to monitor for
crucial points along the ion path such as ion injector
blockage, precipitation on the nebulizer, and detector’s
estimated lifetime. Additionally, the instrument
automatically monitored for commonly disruptive
potential maintenance events such as poor spray stability
and ion beam blockage events originating at the nebulizer
or ion injector.
No cleaning or removal of the nebulizer, ion injector, or ion
source chamber and spray shield was carried out over the
course of the injection series.
Post‑Experiment Investigations
Upon completion of the injection series, an examination of
the ion source and desolvation assembly was carried out
to identify regions of ion burn, salt accumulation, broad
matrix deposition, or potential modes of failure.
Tune ion abundances that were recorded during the
Checktune procedure were plotted to evaluate the effects
of matrix over time.
Figure 1: A ZORBAX Extend‑C18, 80Å, 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm, 1200 bar
pressure limit, UHPLC guard column was appended directly
to the nebulizer to simulate the passing of a sample through a
chromatographic column.
The new Agilent 6475 triple quadrupole LC/MS system
coupled with the 1290 Infinity II LC
12
Results and Discussion
Pre‑experiment to
Post‑experiment Physical Attributes
A. Sample vial with diluted matrix (Bovine urine 1:1
acetonitrile/water).
B. Sample overlaid MRM TIC every 1,000 injections.
C. MS inlet after 10,000 injections. Spray shield and
capillary cap with heavy contamination while
maintaining ion injector performance.
D. Skimmer with desolvation assembly removed. Cotton
swabs with IPA to highlight matrix contamination in
vacuum region after ion injector (front of skimmer,
back of skimmer, octopole).
x103
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
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1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
Counts vs. Acquisition Time (min)
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
Figure 2: Experiment physical attributes.
A.
C.
B.
D.
Tune Ion Tolerances as Matrix Components
Accumulated Onto the Spray Chamber
Checktunes were performed every 1,000 injections with
no cleaning of the nebulizer or ion injector (Figure 3).
Despite heavy front-end contamination, mass calibration
(m/z drift) and mass spectral peak width (FWHM)
remained within tolerance and stable over the 10,000
injections. Tolerances for m/z<1000, mass calibration
must remain within ±0.1 Da, while peak width must
remain ±0.14 Da. Over the course of injection series,
the instrument reported an “Out of Tolerance” event
at injection 6,000; this was remedied by running the
Autotune procedure before proceeding to the next series
of injections.
No Critical Early Maintenance Feedback
Events Were Triggered Over the Course of
This Investigation
Early Maintenance Feedback continuously monitors
for the most common sources of addressable issues
pertaining to heavy routine analysis use. Over the course
of this investigation, none of these events were triggered
with the exception of “Injection Count” set to a threshold
of 10,000 injections.
Despite constant bombardment of ions, detector
health was observed to be stable and did not change
to a considerable degree, the nebulizer and ion
injector remained unclogged, and the spray stability
remained consistent.
Detector EMV
Positive Mode
Negative Mode
Start
1212 V
1232 V
End
1198 V
1232 V
Checktune Results Per 1,000 Injections
Checktune report after 10,000 injections shown in
Figure 4 with passing result. Results for both positive
and negative, MS1 and MS2, as well as various scan
speeds and peak widths shown in a single page report
(detailed also available).
13
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Mass
(m/z)
Calibration
Delta
Injection Number
Checktune - Positive Ion m/z Drift
m/z 58
m/z 118
m/z 322
m/z 622
m/z 922
m/z 1222
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Mass
(m/z)
Calibration
Delta
Injection Number
Checktune - Negative Ion m/z Drift
m/z 69
m/z 113
m/z 302
m/z 602
m/z 1034
m/z 1334
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Pe
ak
Width
Delta
Injection Number
Checktune - Positive Ion Peak Width Drift
m/z 58
m/z 118
m/z 322
m/z 622
m/z 922
m/z 1222
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Pe
ak
Width
Delta
Injection Number
Checktune - Negative Ion Peak Width Drift
m/z 69
m/z 113
m/z 302
m/z 602
m/z 1034
m/z 1334
Autotune
Autotune
Autotune
Autotune
Figure 3: Checktune tolerance results performed every 1,000 injections.
MS Checktune Report - G6475A
MS Checktune Report
Instrument Information
Model
G6475A
Checktune Date
2022-09-25T16:08:08-07:00
Serial Number
SG2222S001
SW/FW Version
3.0.1424/8.1.34
Ion Source
AJS ESI
Ionization Mode
ESI
Last Autotune Date 2022-08-29T11:36:41-07:00
Last Tuned By
SYSTEM (SYSTEM)
Vacuum Pressure
2.25E+0 [R] (Torr); 2.90E-5 [H] (Torr)
Overall Result
Passed
Positive Ion Mode
MS1 Peak Width Unit, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Peak Width Unit, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS1 Peak Width Narrow, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Peak Width Narrow, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS1 Peak Width Wide, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Peak Width Wide, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS1 Peak Width Widest, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Peak Width Widest, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Scan Speed Fast
Result
Passed
MS2 Scan Speed Ultra
Result
Passed
MS1 Lag Factor
Result
Passed
MS2 Lag Factor
Result
Passed
Gain
Result
Passed
Negative Ion Mode
MS1 Peak Width Unit, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Peak Width Unit, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS1 Peak Width Narrow, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Peak Width Narrow, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS1 Peak Width Wide, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Peak Width Wide, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS1 Peak Width Widest, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Peak Width Widest, Scan Speed Normal
Result
Passed
MS2 Scan Speed Fast
Result
Passed
MS2 Scan Speed Ultra
Result
Passed
MS1 Lag Factor
Result
Passed
MS2 Lag Factor
Result
Passed
Gain
Result
Passed
Page 1 of 1
Figure 4: Checktune report results demonstrating that all parameters pass (left) and Early Maintenance Feedback letting
the user know that the instrument has exceeded 10,000 injections (right).
14
Conclusions
– Instrument robustness over 10,000 injections was
demonstrated using a heavy matrix (bovine urine)
sample.
– Checktunes were recorded to verify instrument
stability. Tune ion Mass Calibration and Peak Widths
were recorded every 1,000 injections and were within
tolerance criteria for good performance.
– Nebulizer spray, ion injector capillary, and spray
stability triggered no adverse events.
– Constant ion bombardment through MRM acquisition
did not age the detector in a significant manner.
References
1. Robustness of the Agilent Ultivo Triple Quadrupole
LC/MS with the ESI Source, Agilent Technologies, Inc.
2019, 5994-0671EN.
2. Metzger, Benedikt; Willmann, Lucas; Simplify your
Method Development using the Agilent 1260 Infinity
Prime LC System and InfinityLab LC/MSD iQ, Agilent
Technologies, Inc. 2020, 5994-2124EN.
3. Sartain, Mark; Sosienski, Theresa; Yang, Dan-Hui
Dorothy; Robustness of the Agilent Ultivo Triple
Quadrupole LC/MS for Routine Analysis in Food Safety,
Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2017, 5991-8741EN.
15
Learn more:
www.agilent.com/chem/6475
Buy online:
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Find a local Agilent customer center
in your country:
www.agilent.com/chem/contactus
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DE81574943
This information is subject to change without notice.
© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2022
Published in the USA, October 24, 2022
5994‑5410EN
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